Směrnice Evropského parlamentu a rady (EU) 2025/2205 ze dne 22. října 2025 o řidičských průkazech, o změně nařízení Evropského parlamentu a Rady (EU) 2018/1724 a směrnice Evropského parlamentu a Rady (EU) 2022/2561 a o zrušení směrnice Evropského parlamentu a Rady 2006/126/ES a nařízení Komise (EU) č. 383/2012 (Text s významem pro EHP)

THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,

Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and in particular Article 91(1) thereof,

Having regard to the proposal from the European Commission,

After transmission of the draft legislative act to the national parliaments,

Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and Social CommitteeOJ C 293, 18.8.2023, p. 133 . ,

After consulting the Committee of the Regions,

Acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedurePosition of the European Parliament of 28 February 2024 (OJ C, C/2025/1355, 17.3.2025, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/C/2025/1355/oj) and position of the Council at first reading of 29 September 2025 (not yet published in the Official Journal). Position of the European Parliament of 21 October 2025 (not yet published in the Official Journal). ,

This Directive lays down common rules on:

(a) the models, standards and categories of driving licences;

(b) the issuance, validity, renewal and mutual recognition of driving licences;

(c) certain aspects of the exchange, replacement, cancellation, withdrawal, suspension and restriction of driving licences;

(d) certain aspects applicable to novice drivers, in particular concerning an accompanied driving scheme and a probationary period.

This Directive does not apply to:

(a) non-road mobile machinery as defined in Article 3(1) of Regulation (EU) 2025/14 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilRegulation (EU) 2025/14 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 December 2024 on the approval and market surveillance of non-road mobile machinery circulating on public roads and amending Regulation (EU) 2019/1020 (OJ L, 2025/14, 8.1.2025, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2025/14/oj). ; and

(b) power-driven vehicles running on wheels or tracks, having at least two axles, the principal function of which lies in their tractive power, which are specially designed to pull, push, carry or operate certain tools, machines or trailers used in connection with agricultural or forestry operations, and the use of which for carrying persons or goods by road or for drawing, on the road, vehicles used for the carriage of persons or goods is only a secondary function.

OJ C 293, 18.8.2023, p. 133 .

(1) In 2017, the informal Transport Council in Malta agreed that the persistently high numbers of traffic fatalities and serious road traffic injuries constitute a major societal problem, and set a target of halving the number of serious injuries in the Union by 2030. The Valletta Declaration on Road Safety adopted by the Ministers of Transport of the Member States of the Union on 29 March 2017 called upon the Commission to prepare a strengthened Union road safety policy and legal framework for the decade starting from 2020 which includes the ambitious long-term goal to move close to zero deaths by 2050, enhancing the protection of road users, in particular vulnerable road users, who are most often the victims of road traffic accidents. The efforts previously undertaken by public authorities resulted in a reduction of road traffic fatalities from 51400 in 2001 to 19800 in 2021. However, those figures fell below the Union target of a 75 % reduction in road traffic fatalities between 2001 and 2020, and the progress made towards halving the number of such fatalities during the first decade later stagnated. The Union is committed to getting as close as possible to zero road traffic accident victims by 2050. The Communication of 9 December 2020 from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions entitled Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy – putting European transport on track for the future (the Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy) sets out the Vision Zero strategy related to this goal.

(2) The rules on driving licences are essential elements of the common transport policy, contribute to improving road safety, and facilitate the free movement of persons taking up residence in a Member State other than that issuing the driving licence. Given the importance of individual means of transport, the possession of a driving licence duly recognised by a host Member State promotes and facilitates free movement and the freedom of establishment of persons. Similarly, any unlawful obtaining of such a document or the right to drive, or the loss of a lawfully gained driving licence by way of unlawful conduct, affects not only the Member State in which such violations were committed, but also road safety throughout the Union.

(3) The framework established by Directive 2006/126/EC of the European Parliament and of the CouncilDirective 2006/126/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on driving licences (OJ L 403, 30.12.2006, p. 18 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2006/126/oj). should be updated to be fit for the new era, sustainable, inclusive, smart and resilient. It should take into account the need to reduce emissions and energy consumption from transport, including through a greater uptake of alternatively-fuelled vehicles, digitalisation, demographic trends and technological developments, in order to reinforce the competitiveness of the Union economy. In particular, as regards some alternatively-fuelled vehicles, their greater mass as compared to conventional vehicles should be reflected in the scope of driving licence categories. It is important to simplify and digitise administrative procedures, in order to remove the remaining barriers, such as the administrative burden, to the free movement of persons who are drivers taking up residence in a Member State other than that issuing the driving licence. A harmonised Union standard driving licence framework should encompass both physical driving licences and digital driving licences (mobile driving licences) in all categories, and provide for their mutual recognition, where they were duly issued in accordance with this Directive.

(4) The European Community introduced the first Community model physical driving licence on 4 December 1980 . Since then, the rules relating to the Community model have become the cornerstone of the most advanced driving licensing structures in the world, covering more than 250 million drivers. This Directive should therefore build on the accumulated experience and practice and lay down harmonised rules on the Union standards for physical driving licences. Physical driving licences issued within the Union should, in particular, provide a high level of protection against fraud and forgery, by means of anti-forgery measures, and the possibility to incorporate microchips or QR codes.

(5) Any processing of personal data for the implementation of this Directive should comply with the data protection framework of the Union, in particular Directive 2002/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the CouncilDirective 2002/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2002 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector (OJ L 201, 31.7.2002, p. 37 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2002/58/oj). , Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilRegulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (OJ L 119, 4.5.2016, p. 1 , http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj). and Directive (EU) 2016/680 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilDirective (EU) 2016/680 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by competent authorities for the purposes of the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal offences or the execution of criminal penalties, and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Council Framework Decision 2008/977/JHA (OJ L 119, 4.5.2016, p. 89 , http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2016/680/oj). .

(6) This Directive establishes a legal basis for the storage of an obligatory set of personal data in physical driving licences and their microchips or QR codes, and in mobile driving licences, for the purposes of proving and verifying a person’s right to drive and identity, in order to guarantee a high level of road safety throughout the Union. Such data should be limited to what is necessary to prove a person’s right to drive, identify that person, and verify that person’s driving rights and identity. The storage and other processing of those data needs to comply with, in particular, Article 6(1), point (e), and, in respect of biometric data, Article 9(2), point (g), of Regulation (EU) 2016/679. This Directive also provides for additional safeguards to ensure the protection of personal data disclosed to, and retained by, a verifier during the verification process. In particular, the verifier should only be able to retain such data if authorised to do so by Union or national law; for instance, a police officer might be authorised to include driving licence data in a police report, or a rental company might be authorised to fill in driving licence data in a vehicle rental contract.

(7) In order to provide for legal clarity, and to guarantee a seamless transition between this Directive and Directive 2006/126/EC, Member States should be able to store additional personal data on a microchip, if this is provided for by national law which complies with Regulation (EU) 2016/679. However, this Directive does not itself provide a legal basis for the inclusion of such additional data.

(8) In contrast, the QR code to be established by this Directive should allow for the verification of the authenticity of the information printed on the physical driving licence. However, it should not make it possible to store information additional to that on the physical driving licence.

(9) This Directive does not provide a legal basis for setting up or maintaining databases at national level for the storage of biometric data in Member States, which is a matter of national law, which needs to comply with Union law regarding data protection. Moreover, this Directive does not provide a legal basis for setting up or maintaining a centralised database of biometric data at Union level.

(10) Digital transformation is one of the Union’s priorities. In the case of road transport, it contributes to removing the remaining administrative barriers to the free movement of persons, such as those relating to the time it takes to issue physical driving licences. Therefore, a separate Union standard should be established for mobile driving licences issued within the Union. In order to facilitate digitalisation, mobile driving licences should be the default format issued to applicants effective from a date 54 months from the date of the adoption of the first of the implementing acts necessary for the introduction of mobile driving licences, without prejudice to the applicant’s right to obtain the driving licence in either a physical format or in both formats through one and the same application at the same time. Member States have the possibility to issue mobile driving licences before the date when the digital format becomes the default format.

(11) In line with the goal of the digital transformation of not leaving citizens behind, as expressed in the 2023 European Declaration on Digital Rights and Principles for the Digital Decade, it is imperative that citizens continue to have the right to request a driving licence in a physical format in addition to the driving licence in a digital format. Therefore, Member States should provide an applicant with the driving licence in a physical format, upon the applicant’s request, without undue delay and in general within three weeks, when the applicant already holds that Member State’s digital driving licence format attesting the applicant’s driving rights. Moreover, in urgent situations, where the late reception of the physical driving licence would lead to disproportionate harm for the applicant, Member States are encouraged to provide for the possibility to make use of an emergency procedure, through which the physical driving licence would be issued in a matter of days in exchange for a proportionate increase in the relevant administrative fees.

(12) The mobile driving licence should contain not only the information reported on the physical driving licence, but also information enabling the verification of the authenticity of those data. However, it should be ensured that even in the case of verification, the amount of personal data made available is restricted to what would be reported on the physical driving licence and what is strictly necessary for the verification of the authenticity of such data. Moreover, unless allowed under Union or national law, the data necessary for the verification should not be retained after the verification has taken place. Member States should ensure that physical and mobile driving licences issued to the same person are equivalent as regards the rights and conditions under which that person is authorised to drive, and as regards the duration of the administrative validity of the driving licences, as set out in this Directive.

(13) Member States are competent to establish their own national rules requiring the payment of a fee for issuing a driving licence. However, Member States should take due care not to influence the free choice of citizens in relation to driving licence formats by establishing disproportionate administrative fees unduly favouring one format over the other.

(14) Member States should work together in pursuit of the worldwide use and mutual recognition of mobile driving licences. This might entail amendments to the International Convention on Motor Transport of 24 April 1926 , the Geneva Convention on Road Traffic of 19 September 1949 and the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic of 8 November 1968 . The Commission is best placed to provide assistance to Member States in that regard, in particular regarding interoperability conditions enabling the widespread recognition of Union mobile driving licences. As a first step in that process, the Commission should take into account the relevant developments in third countries when adopting implementing acts on mobile driving licences.

(15) The Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy sets out a vision for the Union to improve significantly the sustainability of mobility and transport. Emissions from the road transport sector include greenhouse gas emissions, air pollutants, noise and microplastics from tyre and road wear. Driving style influences the quantity of such emissions, which have possible negative impacts on the environment and human health. Therefore, driving tests should guarantee that driver training enables drivers to reduce their impact with regard to emissions, including through eco-driving, as well as to prepare them for the driving of zero or low-emission vehicles.

(16) In order to allow citizens and residents to enjoy directly the benefits of the internal market without incurring an unnecessary additional administrative burden, Regulation (EU) 2018/1724 of the European Parliament and the CouncilRegulation (EU) 2018/1724 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 2 October 2018 establishing a single digital gateway to provide access to information, to procedures and to assistance and problem-solving services and amending Regulation (EU) No 1024/2012 (OJ L 295, 21.11.2018, p. 1 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2018/1724/oj). provides for access to online procedures relevant for the functioning of the internal market, including for cross-border users. The information on acquiring and renewing a driving licence is already covered in Annex I to that Regulation. Annex II to that Regulation should be amended, in order to ensure that users pursuing an administrative procedure related to driving licences benefit from fully online procedures.

(17) Driving licences should be categorised according to the types of vehicles in respect of which they indicate the right to drive. Such categorisation should be done in a clear and coherent manner, while fully respecting the technical characteristics of the vehicles concerned and the skills needed to drive them.

(18) In accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities of 13 December 2006 , to which the Union has been a Party since 21 January 2011 , specific provisions should be adopted to make it easier for persons with disabilities to drive vehicles. Furthermore, Member States are encouraged, without lowering the minimum standards regarding fitness to drive and driving skills set out in this Directive, to cater for the special needs of persons with disabilities and to facilitate their opportunities to acquire and hold a driving licence. As such, with the prior agreement of the Commission, Member States should be allowed to exclude from the application of the rules on driving licence categories under this Directive certain types of power-driven vehicles.

(19) Member States should be allowed to continue to exclude from the application of this Directive types of vehicles used by, or under the control of, the armed forces and civil defence bodies, given the specific nature of the operations carried out by such forces and bodies and of the vehicles used.

(20) The minimum ages of applicants for the various categories of driving licence should be set at Union level. Nevertheless, Member States should be allowed to set a higher age limit for the driving of certain categories of vehicles, in order to promote road safety further. Member States should, for certain categories and on an exceptional basis, be allowed to set lower minimum ages in order to take account of national circumstances, in particular as regards the driving of fire brigade, civil protection and rescue vehicles, as well as vehicles used for the purpose of maintaining public safety and order.

(21) Emergency vehicles, namely vehicles used for the purpose of maintaining public safety and order, including by providing immediate assistance during natural or man-made emergencies, such as police vehicles, ambulances, civil protection and rescue vehicles, or fire brigade vehicles, might present particular characteristics, such as being heavier due to special equipment, and might need to benefit from certain derogations from the general rules for a category B driving licence in order to respond efficiently to crisis situations and to rescue needs. Moreover, in order to avoid potential obstacles to the cross-border circulation of such vehicles while they are being used for cross-border interventions in various regions within the Union, Member States should be able to authorise, temporarily or indefinitely, those emergency vehicles being driven on their territories with a category B driving licence. In that regard, Member States are encouraged to mutually recognise national measures, so that cross-border emergency operations are not hindered or penalised.

(22) In order to take into account the mobility needs of Member States’ young residents, such as a need to drive long distances in sparsely-populated areas with a lack of adequate alternative means of personal mobility, the Member States, after the prior agreement of the Commission, should be able to lower the minimum age to 15 years for issuing driving licences limited to their own territories for driving certain types of category B1 vehicles. It is important that such a lowering of the minimum age not negatively affect road safety. Therefore, the Commission should, before providing its agreement thereto, duly assess the impact on road safety of such a lowering of the minimum age, taking into account any relevant information provided by Member States’ experts.

(23) The combination of an adequate minimum age for driving licences in each category that facilitates both mobility independence of young drivers and their timely access to professional driving, and stricter conditions for novice drivers regarding, inter alia, alcohol consumption associated with driving, can benefit road safety. Minimum ages should not be reduced at the expense of road safety.

(24) A system of staging, that is establishing the entitlement to hold a driving licence in a specific category as a prerequisite for the applicant to become eligible to hold certain other categories of driving licences, and equivalences between categories should be established, including, where appropriate, a minimum period of experience before such eligibility. Such a system should be binding on all Member States, without prejudice to the possibility for Member States to apply certain equivalences between themselves in their respective territories. Member States should also be allowed to establish certain equivalences limited to within their own territory.

(25) The greater presence of alternatively-fuelled vehicles is key to the green transition. The possibility of new models of increased mass being available in categories B and BE driving licences should be taken into consideration in this Directive. Therefore, holders of a category B or BE driving licence should be allowed, subject to driving experience in their obtained category, to drive motor vehicles, both for the purpose of driving persons and goods, powered wholly or in part by alternative fuels, which exceed a maximum authorised mass of 3500 kg.

(26) The right to a driving licence is a guarantee of freedom of movement, and facilitates participation in economic and social life, which is particularly important in rural and less urbanised areas with a limited public transport network. For the elderly, persons with reduced mobility or persons with disabilities, individual transport is an important element in supporting their mobility. The assessment of a driver’s fitness to drive safely should be made on the basis of specific criteria, taking into account, in particular, the driver’s medical condition according to the objective results of examinations and, where appropriate, tests. Decisions on the cancellation, withdrawal, suspension or restriction of driving licences should be taken on an individual basis and should not result in discrimination, in particular on the ground of age.

(27) For the purposes of road safety, it is necessary to update the harmonised minimum requirements to be met by the applicant before a driving licence can be issued. This should include the knowledge, skills and behaviour connected with driving power-driven vehicles, the driving test, and the minimum standards of physical and mental fitness for driving such vehicles.

(28) In view of the growing availability and use of advanced driver assistance systems and automated driving systems, it is necessary to include requirements relating to those systems in theory tests, in order to ensure drivers’ general knowledge of the advantages, limitations and risks associated with such systems. That knowledge requirement should cover, in particular, the field of use of the automated driving systems, the existence of take-over requests by the automated driving systems, and the subsisting obligations of the driver while automated driving systems are active.

(29) Proof of compliance with minimum standards of physical and mental fitness should be provided when the driving licence is issued, and periodically thereafter. Such regular monitoring, in accordance with national rules of compliance with minimum standards, contributes to the free movement of persons, avoids distortions of competition and takes into account the responsibility of drivers. The national rules of compliance with minimum standards should consist of a medical examination at issuance and at renewal of a driving licence. That examination could be performed by general practitioners or by any other competent medical authority or health sector professional, as established within the law of each Member State.

(30) Adequate eyesight is an essential condition in ensuring physical fitness to drive. All applicants for a driving licence should therefore undergo an appropriate assessment to ensure that they have adequate visual acuity including, where necessary, further examination of the field of vision by a competent eyesight professional authorised by national law. Member States should be allowed to go beyond this requirement, by requiring the same procedure when driving licences are renewed. The decimal notation for visual acuity provides an internationally recognised standard for comparability in establishing eyesight.

(31) For issuing or renewing certain driving licence categories, it should be possible for Member States, instead of requiring a medical examination, to require the applicant or holder of a driving licence to provide in writing or by electronic means a self-assessment, the design of which could be risk-oriented. However, it would be most desirable that Member States include medical examinations at least as part of the first issuing procedure of driving licences, to assess compliance with the conditions set out in this Directive and national law.

(32) After a driving licence has been issued, Member States, instead of requiring a medical examination or self-assessment at renewal, should be able to establish a system to ensure that changes in the driving licence holder’s physical or mental fitness are reacted to. Acknowledging the diversity in the organisation of the national health systems and practices with regard to their effective coordination with licensing authorities for issuing and renewal, such a system could take various forms, the main principle being that medical or licensing authorities should connect the medical conditions of driving licence holders with their ability and permission to drive. That reaction by medical or licensing authorities could also be based on the assessment of a driving licence holder’s declarations on the basis of a general obligation placed on all driving licence holders to declare their health status which is relevant for driving, leading to a referral to a specialist, a driving ban expressed by a medical practitioner, or, ultimately, to a withdrawal, suspension or restriction of the driving licence.

(33) Member States should also be free to combine such measures in order to increase their efficiency, and to apply standards relating to the fitness to drive stricter than the minimum standards set out in this Directive.

(34) Recent advancements in medical technology have enhanced road safety by addressing the risks associated with driving with certain medical conditions. Innovations such as continuous glucose monitoring systems for individuals with diabetes enable effective and real-time management of their condition, reducing driving-related risks. Those technologies are rapidly evolving, ensuring better control of medical issues and further improving road safety.

(35) In view of studies being carried out on various pathologies that carry a risk of excessive sleepiness and drowsiness, the Commission should start a review of the provisions of this Directive that relate to obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, once an adequate number of studies is completed and available to the scientific community. Given the scientific progress made in the treatment of impaired vision, the Commission should also start a review of the provisions of this Directive that relate to that condition.

(36) In order to ensure uniform rights across the Union, without prejudice to considerations of road safety, driving licences of categories AM, A1, A2, A, B1, B and BE should have an administrative validity of 15 years, while driving licences of categories C, CE, C1, C1E, D, DE, D1 and D1E should have an administrative validity of five years. Nevertheless, Member States should be allowed to apply a validity period of 10 years instead of 15 years if the driving licence is also used as a personal identification document. Following the framework already in force, which enables Member States to increase the renewal frequency with advancing age, the general validity length could be reduced on the basis of objective factors with a general link to average physical and mental conditions of drivers, such as age, and Member States should be allowed to define shorter validity periods than those provided for in this Directive in exceptional cases, as set out by this Directive.

(37) Refresher courses for experienced drivers can improve road safety by raising awareness, and by requiring drivers to gain additional experience with new technologies, such as advanced driver assistance systems and automated driving systems. In this context, and also in the context of driver training before issuing a driving licence, the use of simulators could be useful to improve important driving skills, such as reacting to adverse conditions and emergency scenarios.

(38) In a context of gradual digitalisation and automation, of ever more stringent emission reduction requirements with regard to road transport, as well as of continuous technological progress made in relation to power-driven vehicles, it is necessary to keep all drivers up to date about new technologies, road safety and sustainability. The promotion by Member States of lifelong training for drivers, for instance by offering attendance at safe driving courses with feedback, can contribute to more inclusive mobility. Such lifelong training can play a crucial role in keeping experienced drivers’ skills up to date in terms of road safety, new technologies and the changes in the mass of vehicles, which improves fuel efficiency and reduces emissions, and speed management.

(39) In order to allow the Member States and, in duly justified cases the Union as a whole, to react to crises that make it impossible for national authorities to renew driving licences the validity of which would otherwise expire, it should be possible to extend the administrative validity of such driving licences. Such an extension should be possible only for a duration that is strictly necessary.

(40) The principle of one holder – one licence should prevent any person from holding more than one driving licence. The principle should also be extended to take into account the technical specificities of mobile driving licences, as a holder might request the issuance of a physical driving licence instead of, or together with, a mobile driving licence, and might display a mobile driving licence on several electronic devices.

(41) For reasons connected with road safety, Member States should be able to apply their national provisions on the cancellation, withdrawal, suspension and renewal of driving licences to all driving licence holders having acquired normal residence in their territory.

(42) Drivers who hold a driving licence issued by the Member State where they reside following the exchange of a driving licence issued by a third country, should be entitled to drive throughout the Union as if they had originally obtained their driving licence within the Union. This contributes to the free movement of persons within the Union.

(43) In order to ensure uniform conditions for the implementation of this Directive, implementing powers should be conferred on the Commission to identify third countries that ensure a level of road safety comparable to that of the Union, thereby providing the opportunity to holders of driving licences issued by those third countries to exchange, subject to relevant conditions, which should be detailed and well-defined for all driving licence categories concerned, their driving licences on terms similar to those that would apply if they were issued by a Member State. Those powers should be exercised in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilRegulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 2011 laying down the rules and general principles concerning mechanisms for control by Member States of the Commission’s exercise of implementing powers (OJ L 55, 28.2.2011, p. 13 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2011/182/oj). .

(44) As regards driving licences issued by third countries that are not identified in an implementing act as third countries with a level of road safety comparable to that of the Union, or issued by third countries in relation to which such an implementing act neither explicitly authorises nor prohibits an exchange of such a driving licence, Member States should be allowed to exchange the driving licences in accordance with their national rules, provided that they use the relevant Union code(s) on the driving licence so issued. In the event the holder of such a driving licence changes his or her residence to a new Member State, the latter should not be required to apply the principle of mutual recognition to such a driving licence.

(45) The new framework for the exchange of driving licences issued by third countries should also be viewed as a tool to address the shortage of professional drivers, inasmuch as the rules intend to facilitate the free movement of holders of driving licences of various categories. Given that driving by nationals of third countries, who are employed by or work for an undertaking established in a Member State engaged in road transport within the Union, might be subject to the further requirement of qualifications attested by a Certificate of Professional Competence (CPC), the Commission should assess how the expected positive effects of the new framework could be supported further in relation to other driving documents, without prejudice to the overall goal of improving road safety in the Union.

(46) Driving licence tourism, namely the practice of changing residence for the purpose of acquiring a new driving licence, inter alia in order to circumvent the effects of a cancellation, withdrawal, suspension or restriction of the right to drive of a driver of a power-driven vehicle, of his or her driving licence or of the recognition of the validity of his or her driving licence, imposed in another Member State, is a wide-spread phenomenon, which has a negative effect on road safety. Drivers should not, merely by changing their residence, be exempted from requirements imposed on them to recover their driving licence, the recognition of its validity, or of the right to drive. At the same time, it should be clarified that any conduct on the part of citizens, or their lack of physical or mental fitness to drive, should lead to a ban from driving of indefinite duration only where it is duly justified. Conditions should be set out for Member States other than that which imposed a cancellation, withdrawal, suspension or restriction to nevertheless be able to issue a driving licence to that person, should it be deemed appropriate based on an informed decision, and where the validity of the driving licence so issued is limited to the territory of Member States which have not imposed a ban of indefinite duration.

(47) A Union-wide accompanied driving scheme should be introduced for certain driving licence categories, in order to improve road safety. The rules of such a scheme should provide the possibility for applicants to acquire driving licences in the relevant categories before the required minimum age is reached. However, the use of those driving licences should be subject to being accompanied by an experienced driver, for instance a family member. In such situations, Member States should be allowed, for reasons of road safety, to define stricter conditions and rules within their territory concerning the driving licences they have issued.

(48) The accompanied driving scheme could, without prejudice to its overall goal of improving road safety, contribute to making the profession of truck driver more accessible and appealing to younger generations, in order to broaden their occupational possibilities, and to help tackle the driver shortage within the Union. Therefore, Member States should have the possibility to apply that scheme to driving licences of categories C1, C1E and C in addition to the driving licences of category B, and the driving licences issued accordingly should be mutually recognised among those Member States applying that larger scope to the scheme.

(49) The accompanied driving scheme should not restrict Member States’ existing options to lower the minimum age for category B and to apply related conditions nationally.

(50) The conditions and requirements established in Directive (EU) 2022/2561 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilDirective (EU) 2022/2561 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2022 on the initial qualification and periodic training of drivers of certain road vehicles for the carriage of goods or passengers (OJ L 330, 23.12.2022, p. 46 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2022/2561/oj). for driving a bus of category D or DE from a certain age following professional qualification should be simplified, without compromising road safety.

(51) Member States are encouraged to intensify partnerships between educational and training bodies, including universities and vocational schools, and transport and logistics companies, in order to tackle the shortage of professional drivers in the Union. The development and support of apprenticeships, traineeships and similar educational offerings in those partnerships should offer to future professional drivers an opportunity to become more familiar with the benefits and the challenges of the profession, to improve their operational and organisational skills and to gain experience, while using advanced technologies and techniques. The Commission is encouraged to support public-private partnerships between vocational schools and logistics and transport companies to enhance the availability and skills of professional drivers, using Union programmes such as Erasmus+.

(52) When taking stock of what sources of revenue exist to facilitate road safety, Member States are recommended to use revenue generated from financial penalties for road-safety-related traffic offences in the scope of Directive (EU) 2015/413 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilDirective (EU) 2015/413 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2015 facilitating cross-border exchange of information on road-safety-related traffic offences (OJ L 68, 13.3.2015, p. 9 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2015/413/oj). to increase road safety and to ensure the transparency of road-safety measures.

(53) It should be ensured that drivers who acquire a driving licence for the first time do not endanger road safety. For those novice drivers, a probationary period of a minimum of two years should be established, during which stricter rules or sanctions for driving under the influence of alcohol should apply, without prejudice to Member States’ competences to regulate drivers’ behaviour. Such stricter rules could include, or consist of, specific training for novice drivers, in which they receive further instruction on risk awareness and reflect on their behaviour. Special measures to ensure the reduction of driving under the influence of drugs among novice drivers, and to encourage their proper use of required safety systems should also be established. Such measures could include stricter rules or sanctions. Where sanctions are used, they should be effective, proportionate, dissuasive and non-discriminatory, and could include driving disqualifications, as well as specific training for novice drivers on risk awareness. Such special measures could also consist of specifically targeted enforcement and campaign efforts. Member States should be allowed to apply freely additional rules in their territory to novice drivers to improve road safety, such as a second probationary period for an additional driving licence category to take account of the different risks and required skills associated with the new category.

(54) Generally applied zero tolerance schemes for driving under the influence of alcohol, associated with targeted enforcement, have proven to be an effective method for improving road safety. A zero limit on alcohol, not taking into account accidental exposure or exposure having no impact on driving performance, is commonly perceived as the most effective measure to reduce road fatalities and injuries. Zero policies are also being introduced in respect of driving under the influence of drugs. Member States are encouraged to keep and introduce such generally applied zero tolerance schemes in their national law, to which the probationary period scheme should be a complementary measure targeting the over-representation of novice drivers, mostly young people, in road traffic accidents related to drink-driving and drug use.

(55) Member States are encouraged to include age-appropriate training on road safety rules and traffic risk awareness as part of their primary and secondary school curricula, also reflecting the increased popularity of personal mobility devices such as e-bikes and e-scooters. Learning the basic road safety rules at a young age can help prevent road traffic accidents, by fostering awareness and developing responsible behaviour, thereby empowering citizens from a young age to make safe decisions on the basis of a solid knowledge of the applicable rules and risks. The Commission is encouraged to enable and support exchanges of best practices between Member States and their authorities, including through financial support.

(56) Minimum standards concerning access to the profession of driving examiner and driving examiner training requirements should be established in order to improve the knowledge and skills of examiners, including hazard perception testing, thereby ensuring the more objective evaluation of driving licence applicants, and achieving greater harmonisation of driving tests. Moreover, the Commission should be empowered to adopt delegated acts to amend those minimum standards, in order to adapt them to any technical, operational or scientific developments in this field, including advanced driver assistance systems and automated driving systems, where it becomes necessary.

(57) The concept of normal residence should be established in a way that enables issues that arise to be resolved where it is not possible to establish normal residence on the basis of occupational or personal ties. The rule that driving licences may be issued only by the Member State of normal residence could represent a disproportionate language barrier in certain cases. Therefore, in cases where the Member State of normal residence does not provide the opportunity to take tests in the official language of the Member State of which the applicant is a citizen, it should be possible that the applicant take the theory test or practical test, or both, in the Member State of the applicant’s citizenship. That derogation should not prevent Member States from taking action against abuse or fraud which might develop around the new flexibility. Specific rules should be established for diplomats and their families, where the diplomat’s professional obligations require them to live abroad for an extended period of time.

(58) Member States should assist each other in the implementation of this Directive. To the extent possible, they should use the EU driving licence network referred to in Article 15(1) of Directive 2006/126/EC in order to provide such assistance. The EU driving licence network aims to guarantee the recognition of documents and acquired rights originating in Member States, to combat document fraud and driving without authorisation, to avoid the issuance of multiple driving licences, and to facilitate the enforcement of driving disqualifications. In particular, Member States should be given the possibility to systematically verify that the reasons that led to any previously imposed cancellations, withdrawals, suspensions or restrictions have ceased to exist. The use of the EU driving licence network for the implementation of other acts of the Union should be permitted only in so far as such uses are explicitly provided for by this Directive.

(59) In order to enable the preparation of meaningful reports on the implementation of this Directive, the Commission should receive, on a yearly basis, information regarding the number of physical and mobile driving licences issued, renewed, replaced, withdrawn and exchanged, for each category. The Commission should also receive statistics on severe road traffic accidents involving 17-year-old drivers participating in an accompanied driving scheme, within the broader data collection on road traffic accidents of professional drivers. In view of the preparation of those reports, the Member States’ mutual assistance in the implementation of this Directive, and the Member States’ joint efforts to improve road safety in general, Member States are encouraged to share information regularly among themselves and with the Commission on their best practices as regards driver-related road safety measures, for instance risk awareness training, novice driver schemes, attention to vulnerable road users, lifelong training, or monitoring of the driver’s fitness to drive. Those exchanges can be part of project work, such as the European Road Safety Observatory and the EU Road Safety Exchange, or of regular expert group meetings. Differences in methods, practices and national characteristics between Member States are a valuable source for mutual learning and the exchange of best practices.

(60) Technological developments and innovations in alternatively-fuelled vehicles, affecting vehicle mass, continue to influence the regulatory framework governing driving licences. Given that that framework is technically complex, it should evolve in a manner that ensures legal certainty and adheres to the principle of technological neutrality, ensuring that rules neither unjustifiably favour nor disadvantage specific technologies, but instead provide a fair and future-proof framework. Therefore, the Commission should monitor technological progress in alternatively-fuelled vehicles, and assess its impact on staging and equivalences between driving licence categories, to ensure a clear, balanced and up-to-date regulatory framework that safeguards road safety without stifling innovation.

(61) In order to achieve the objectives of this Directive, in particular to adjust the Annexes to any technical, operational or scientific developments, the power to adopt acts in accordance with Article 290 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union should be delegated to the Commission in respect of amending the parts of the Annexes to this Directive that govern the specifications for physical driving licences; amending the part of the Annexes to this Directive that lays down the specifications for mobile driving licences; amending the part of the Annexes to this Directive that governs the rules on the applicable national and Union codes; amending the Annexes to this Directive specifying certain minimum requirements concerning the issuance, validity and renewal of driving licences; and amending the Annexes laying down the minimum standards for driving examiners. Such empowerment should be granted for a period of five years, given the fact that technical, operational and scientific developments affecting the matters governed by those Annexes occur on a frequent basis. It is of particular importance that the Commission carry out appropriate consultations during its preparatory work, including at expert level, and that those consultations be conducted in accordance with the principles laid down in the Interinstitutional Agreement of 13 April 2016 on Better Law-MakingOJ L 123, 12.5.2016, p. 1 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/agree_interinstit/2016/512/oj. . In particular, to ensure equal participation in the preparation of delegated acts, the European Parliament and the Council receive all documents at the same time as Member States’ experts, and their experts systematically have access to meetings of Commission expert groups dealing with the preparation of delegated acts.

(62) The Commission should establish a dedicated expert group on driving licences and related matters, in order to be able to call, whenever necessary, on a relevant range of expertise for the exercise of its empowerment to adopt delegated acts and also to facilitate and encourage exchange at Union level between stakeholders and experts of Member States on all matters related to driving licences, licensing procedures, improving road safety and removing administrative barriers which constrain citizens or enterprises. In particular, the expert group should facilitate the exchange of best practices on age and fitness requirements for driving licence applicants, on the benefits of graduated licensing systems and lifelong learning, on the effects of new technologies such as the mobile driving licence and automated or assisted driving, on the facilitation of removing barriers to free movement of holders of not mutually recognised driving licences, such as those for non-road mobile machinery, and on rules relating to the training and testing of new drivers.

(63) In order to ensure uniform conditions for the implementation of this Directive, implementing powers should be conferred on the Commission to lay down detailed provisions concerning the interoperability features of, and the security measures to be complied with by, QR codes incorporated in physical driving licences and provisions concerning the visual appearance, interoperability, testing, data and record updating standards and security of mobile driving licences, organisational measures for the processing and protection of personal data, and the technical and security standards for the exchange of mobile driving licences and the trusted lists of trusted issuers for verifying mobile driving licences, including verification features and the interface with national systems, to the extent possible, also taking into account the general framework and technical specifications necessary for the recognition of those driving licences by third-country authorities and to lay down a common set of rules governing the operation of the EU driving licence network, including the detailed operational, interface and technical requirements, in order to ensure interoperability between national systems connected to the EU driving licence network, the protection of personal data exchanged via the EU driving licence network and the adequate operation of all functionalities of that network set out in Union and national law. Those powers should be exercised in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 182/2011.

(64) The Commission should adopt immediately applicable implementing acts where, in duly justified cases relating to the extension of the period of administrative validity of driving licences across the Union, imperative grounds of urgency relating to a crisis so require.

(65) For the sake of consistency, Regulation (EU) 2018/1724 and Directive (EU) 2022/2561 which address certain matters covered by this Directive, should be amended.

(66) Directive 2006/126/EC and Commission Regulation (EU) No 383/2012Commission Regulation (EU) No 383/2012 of 4 May 2012 laying down technical requirements with regard to driving licences which include a storage medium (microchip) (OJ L 120, 5.5.2012, p. 1 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2012/383/oj). should be repealed.

(67) Since the objectives of this Directive, namely to seriously reduce the number of road traffic accident victims in the Union and to facilitate the free movement of citizens by providing for uniform rules with regard to the right to drive and the issuance and renewal of driving licences and their mutual recognition, cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States, as national rules governing the issuance, renewal, replacement and exchange of driving licences would lead to requirements so diverse that the level of road safety and free movement of citizens which harmonised rules provide could not be achieved, but can rather, by reason of the cross-border and Union-wide nature of road traffic and the need to lay down common minimum requirements, be better achieved at Union level, the Union may adopt measures, in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity as set out in Article 5 of the Treaty on European Union. In accordance with the principle of proportionality as set out in that Article, this Directive does not go beyond what is necessary in order to achieve those objectives.

(68) The European Data Protection Supervisor was consulted in accordance with Article 42(1) of Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilRegulation (EU) 2018/1725 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2018 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by the Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 and Decision No 1247/2002/EC (OJ L 295, 21.11.2018, p. 39 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2018/1725/oj). , and delivered an opinion on 25 April 2023 OJ C 199, 7.6.2023, p. 13 . .

(69) In accordance with the Joint Political Declaration of 28 September 2011 of Member States and the Commission on explanatory documentsOJ C 369, 17.12.2011, p. 14 . , Member States have undertaken to accompany, in justified cases, the notification of their transposition measures with one or more documents explaining the relationship between the components of a directive and the corresponding parts of national transposition instruments. As regards this Directive, the legislator considers the transmission of such documents to be justified,

For the purposes of this Directive, the following definitions apply:

Position of the European Parliament of 28 February 2024 (OJ C, C/2025/1355, 17.3.2025, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/C/2025/1355/oj) and position of the Council at first reading of 29 September 2025 (not yet published in the Official Journal). Position of the European Parliament of 21 October 2025 (not yet published in the Official Journal).

Article 1 Article 1 Subject matter and scope 1.This Directive lays down common rules on: (a) the models, standards and categories of driving licences;(b) the issuance, validity, renewal and mutual recognition of driving licences;(c) certain aspects of the exchange, replacement, cancellation, withdrawal, suspension and restriction of driving licences;(d) certain aspects applicable to novice drivers, in particular concerning an accompanied driving scheme and a probationary period. 2.This Directive does not apply to: (a) non-road mobile machinery as defined in Article 3(1) of Regulation (EU) 2025/14 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilRegulation (EU) 2025/14 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 December 2024 on the approval and market surveillance of non-road mobile machinery circulating on public roads and amending Regulation (EU) 2019/1020 (OJ L, 2025/14, 8.1.2025, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2025/14/oj). ; and(b) power-driven vehicles running on wheels or tracks, having at least two axles, the principal function of which lies in their tractive power, which are specially designed to pull, push, carry or operate certain tools, machines or trailers used in connection with agricultural or forestry operations, and the use of which for carrying persons or goods by road or for drawing, on the road, vehicles used for the carriage of persons or goods is only a secondary function.

Article 2 Article 2 Definitions

Article 3 Article 3 Union standard specifications on driving licences and mutual recognition 1.Member States shall ensure that their national driving licences are issued in accordance with this Directive, and that they comply with the Union standard specifications laid down in Annex I, and other criteria pursuant to: (a) Article 4, for physical driving licences;(b) Article 5, for mobile driving licences. 2.Member States shall ensure that physical and mobile driving licences issued to the same person are fully equivalent as regards the rights and conditions under which that person is authorised to drive, and as to their administrative validity. 3.Without prejudice to the handling of existing driving licences in cases of exchange or replacement, in accordance with Article 13(3) and (4), Member States shall not, as a prerequisite, require the possession of a physical or mobile driving licence from the applicant when issuing, replacing, renewing or exchanging a driving licence in the other format. 4.Effective from the date 54 months from the date of the adoption of the first of the implementing acts in accordance with Article 5(7), Member States shall ensure that mobile driving licences are issued as the default format of the driving licence, without prejudice to the right of the applicant to obtain the driving licence in a physical format or in both formats through one and the same application at the same time. After the issuance of a driving licence in one format, the holder of a driving licence shall continue to have the right to request the issuance of a driving licence in the other format, including when that holder’s driving licence has not yet expired. 5.Member States may issue mobile driving licences before the date referred to in paragraph 4. 6.Driving licences issued by Member States shall be mutually recognised. However, mobile driving licences issued in accordance with Article 5 shall be mutually recognised only after the date laid down in paragraph 4 of this Article.

Article 4 Article 4 Physical driving licences 1.Member States shall issue physical driving licences based on the Union standard specifications laid down in Annex I. 2.Member States shall take all necessary steps to avoid any risk of forgery of driving licences, including driving licences issued before 19 January 2013 . They shall inform the Commission of the steps taken. Physical driving licences shall be protected against forgery, at the minimum, by means of the Union standard specifications laid down in Annex I, Part A2. Member States may introduce additional security features. 3.Where the holder of a valid physical driving licence which does not have a period of administrative validity, takes up normal residence in a Member State other than the Member State of issuance, the host Member State may, as of two years from the date on which the holder has taken up normal residence on its territory, apply the periods of administrative validity set out in Article 10(2), by renewing the driving licence. 4.Member States shall ensure that, by 19 January 2033 , all physical driving licences issued or in circulation fulfil all the requirements of this Directive. 5.Member States may decide to incorporate a microchip as part of the physical driving licence. Where a Member State decides to incorporate a microchip as part of its physical driving licence, it may, where its national laws related to driving licences so provide, also decide to store on the microchip data additional to those specified in Annex I, Part D. Where Member States provide for a microchip as part of the physical driving licence, they shall, at the minimum, apply the relevant technical requirements laid down in Annex I, Parts B to B4. Member States may introduce additional security features. Where Member States adopt a decision to incorporate a microchip in the physical driving licences that are issued by them, or where they subsequently amend that decision, they shall inform the Commission within three months of the adoption of the relevant decision. Member States that have already incorporated a microchip in their physical driving licences shall inform the Commission accordingly by 26 February 2026 . 6.Member States may decide to incorporate, in the space reserved for the microchip in the physical driving licences that are issued by them, a QR code instead of, or together with, the microchip. The QR code shall make it possible to verify the authenticity of the information reported on the physical driving licence. Member States shall inform the Commission of any measure aimed at the introduction of a QR code on their driving licences and of any subsequent amendments to such a measure, within three months of its adoption. The Commission shall adopt implementing acts laying down detailed provisions concerning the interoperability features and the security measures to be complied with by QR codes incorporated in physical driving licences. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 26(2). 7.Member States shall ensure that the personal data necessary for the verification of the information reported on the physical driving licence are not retained by the verifier, unless such retention is authorised by Union or national law, and shall ensure that the authority which issued the driving licence is not notified of the verification. 8.The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts, in accordance with Article 25, to amend Annex I, Parts A1 and A2, B to B4 and D, where necessary in order to take account of technical, operational or scientific developments.

Article 5 Article 5 Mobile driving licences 1.Member States shall issue mobile driving licences based on the Union standard specifications laid down in Annex I, Part C. 2.Each Member State shall ensure that the mobile driving licences it issues are retrievable electronically free of charge by the persons holding them. Mobile driving licences shall be issued to holders to be used with European Digital Identity Wallets as electronic attestations of attributes, in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilRegulation (EU) No 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market and repealing Directive 1999/93/EC (OJ L 257, 28.8.2014, p. 73 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2014/910/oj). . 3.Member States shall ensure that mobile driving licences do not contain data in addition to those referred to in Annex I, Part D, and that personal data other than those necessary for the verification of the driving rights of the holder are not processed by the verifier for the purpose of verification. 4.Member States shall ensure that the personal data necessary for the verification of the driving rights of the holder of the mobile driving licence are not retained by the verifier, unless such retention is authorised by Union or national law. 5.Member States shall communicate to the Commission a list of issuers of mobile driving licences, and shall keep that list up to date. The Commission shall make those lists available to the public through a secure channel and in an electronically signed or sealed form suitable for automated processing. 6.The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts, in accordance with Article 25, to amend Annex I, Part C, where necessary in order to take account of technical, operational or scientific developments. 7.By 26 November 2026 , the Commission shall adopt implementing acts laying down detailed provisions concerning the visual appearance, interoperability, testing, data and record updating standards and security of mobile driving licences, organisational measures for the processing and protection of personal data, and the technical and security standards for the exchange of mobile driving licences and the trusted lists of trusted issuers for verifying mobile driving licences, including verification features and the interface with national systems. The Commission shall, to the extent possible, take into account the general framework and technical specifications necessary for the recognition of those driving licences by third country authorities. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 26(2).

Article 6 Article 6 Driving licence categories 1.The driving licence shall entitle the holder to drive power-driven vehicles according to the following categorisation: (a) mopeds:category AM: two-wheel vehicles or three-wheel vehicles with a maximum design speed of not more than 45 km/h and a maximum net power not exceeding 4 kW, excluding those with a maximum design speed under or equal to 25 km/h; light quadricycles; (b) motorcycles and powered tricycles:(i) category A1:motorcycles with a cylinder capacity not exceeding 125 cubic centimetres, of a maximum net power not exceeding 11 kW and with a power/weight ratio not exceeding 0,1 kW/kg; powered tricycles with a maximum net power not exceeding 15 kW; (ii) category A2:motorcycles of a maximum net power not exceeding 35 kW and with a power/weight ratio not exceeding 0,2 kW/kg and not derived from a vehicle the net power of which exceeds 70 kW; (iii) category A:motorcycles; powered tricycles with a maximum net power exceeding 15 kW; Power-driven vehicles in the categories referred to in point (a) and in this point may be combined with a trailer having a maximum authorised mass which does not exceed half the unladen mass of the towing vehicle. Member States may apply additional conditions to the driving licences they issue, based on considerations of road safety. (c) motor vehicles:(i) category B1:heavy quadricycles. Category B1 is optional; in Member States which do not introduce this category of driving licence, a driving licence for category B shall be required to drive such vehicles. Those Member States may refuse to exchange a driving licence in respect of category B1; Member States may also decide to introduce, for driving on their territory, this category exclusively for the vehicles referred to in Article 9(4), first subparagraph, point (c), under the conditions provided for in that paragraph and subject to the additional requirements that the driver is under 21 years of age at the time the driving licence is issued, and that the driving licence for this category expires when the holder turns 21. Where a Member State decides to do so it shall mark the driving licence with Union code 60.03, set out in Annex I, Part E. (ii) category B:motor vehicles with a maximum authorised mass not exceeding 3500 kg and designed and constructed for the carriage of no more than eight passengers in addition to the driver. motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer of category O1 referred to in Article 4(1), point (c)(i), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858. Without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer of category O2 referred to in Article 4(1), point (c)(ii), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858, provided that the maximum authorised mass of this combination does not exceed 4250 kg. Where the mass of such a combination exceeds 3500 kg, Member States shall, in accordance with Annex V, require that this combination be driven only after: a training course has been completed; or a test of skills and behaviour has been passed. Member States may also require both such a training course and the passing of a test of skills and behaviour. On condition that such a training course has been completed or test has been passed, or both, in accordance with Annex V, and without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, motor vehicles in this category may consist of: a motor caravan with a maximum authorised mass exceeding 3500 kg but not exceeding 4250 kg, including in combination with a trailer, if the maximum authorised mass of the combination does not exceed 5000 kg; subject to an authorisation by a Member State in accordance with the conditions provided for in Article 9(4), point (d), a power-driven emergency vehicle used for the purpose of maintaining public safety and order, including by providing immediate assistance during natural or man-made emergencies, such as police vehicles, ambulances, civil protection and rescue vehicles, or fire brigade vehicles, with a maximum authorised mass exceeding 3500 kg but not exceeding, including when combined with a trailer, 5000 kg; or an alternatively-fuelled motor vehicle falling under the equivalence referred to in Article 9(2), point (j), in combination with a trailer, not already covered by the second indent, if the maximum authorised mass of this combination exceeds 4250 kg but does not exceed 5000 kg. Member States shall indicate on the driving licence, by means of the relevant Union code, set out in Annex I, Part E, the entitlement to drive such a combination, motor caravan or emergency vehicle. (iii) category BE:without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, combinations of vehicles consisting of a tractor vehicle in category B and a trailer or semi-trailer of mass categories O1 or O2 as laid down in Article 4(1), point (c), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858; (iv) category C1:motor vehicles other than those in categories D1 or D, the maximum authorised mass of which exceeds 3500 kg, but does not exceed 7500 kg, and which are designed and constructed for the carriage of no more than eight passengers in addition to the driver; motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer of category O1 referred to in Article 4(1), point (c)(i), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858; (v) category C1E:without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, combinations of vehicles where the tractor vehicle is in category C1 and its trailer or semi-trailer has a maximum authorised mass which exceeds 750 kg, provided that the maximum authorised mass of the combination does not exceed 12000 kg; without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, combinations of vehicles where the tractor vehicle is in category B and its trailer or semi-trailer has a maximum authorised mass which exceeds 3500 kg, provided that the maximum authorised mass of the combination does not exceed 12000 kg. (vi) category C:motor vehicles other than those in categories D1 or D, the maximum authorised mass of which exceeds 3500 kg and which are designed and constructed for the carriage of no more than eight passengers in addition to the driver; motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer of category O1 referred to in Article 4(1), point (c)(i), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858. (vii) category CE:without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, combinations of vehicles where the tractor vehicle is in category C and its trailer or semi-trailer has a maximum authorised mass which exceeds 750 kg; (viii) category D1:motor vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of more than 8 but no more than 16 passengers in addition to the driver and with a maximum length not exceeding 8 meters; motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer of category O1 referred to in Article 4(1), point (c)(i), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858; (ix) category D1E:without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, combinations of vehicles where the tractor vehicle is in category D1 and its trailer has a maximum authorised mass which exceeds 750 kg. (x) category D:motor vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of more than eight passengers in addition to the driver; motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer of category O1 referred to in Article 4(1), point (c)(i), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858; (xi) category DE:without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, combinations of vehicles where the tractor vehicle is in category D and its trailer has a maximum authorised mass which exceeds 750 kg. 2.Member States may exclude from the application of this Article certain specific types of power-driven vehicles, including special vehicles for persons with disabilities, subject to the prior agreement of the Commission, which shall be based on an assessment of the impact on road safety of the proposed exclusion. Member States may exclude from the application of this Directive types of vehicles used by, or under the control of, the armed forces and civil defence bodies. They shall inform the Commission thereof.

Article 7 Article 7 Minimum ages 1.The minimum age of an applicant to whom a driving licence can be issued shall be as follows: (a) 16 years for categories AM, A1 and B1;(b) 18 years for categories A2, B, BE, C1 and C1E;(c) with regard to category A:(i) 20 years for motorcycles. However, the driving of motorcycles of this category shall be subject to a minimum of two years’ prior experience driving motorcycles under a category A2 driving licence. Such requirement of having two years’ prior experience may be waived if the applicant is at least 24 years old;(ii) 21 years for powered tricycles exceeding 15 kW; (d) 21 years for categories C, CE, D1 and D1E;(e) 18 years for categories C and CE provided that the driver holds a certificate of professional competence (CPC) as referred to in Article 6(1) of Directive (EU) 2022/2561;(f) 24 years for categories D and DE;(g) 21 years for categories D and DE provided that the driver holds a CPC as referred to in Article 6(1) or 6(2) of Directive (EU) 2022/2561. 2.Member States may raise or lower the minimum age for issuing a driving licence: (a) for category AM, down to 14 years or up to 18 years;(b) for category B1, up to 18 years;For category B1, Member States may, subject to the prior agreement of the Commission, nevertheless lower the minimum age to 15 years for issuing a driving licence limited to their territory, for the vehicles referred to in Article 9(4), point (c), and under the conditions specified in Article 6(1), point (c)(i) and in Article 9(4), point (c); (c) for category A1, up to 18 years, provided that both of the following conditions are fulfilled:(i) there is a difference of at least two years between the minimum age for category A1 and the minimum age for category A2;(ii) there is a requirement of a minimum of two years’ experience on motorcycles of category A2, before allowing the driving of motorcycles of category A, as referred to in paragraph 1, point (c)(i); (d) for categories B and BE, down to 17 years;(e) for categories D1, D1E, D and DE, down to 18 years, provided that the following conditions are fulfilled:(i) the driver holds a CPC as referred to in Article 6(1) of Directive (EU) 2022/2561;(ii) for categories D and DE only, the driver is subject to the restrictions set out in Article 5(3), third subparagraph, of Directive (EU) 2022/2561; (f) for categories D and DE down to 20 years, provided that the driver holds a CPC as referred to in Article 6(1) of Directive (EU) 2022/2561. 3.Member States may lower the minimum age for category C to 18 years, and for category D to 21 years with regard to: (a) power-driven emergency vehicles used for the purpose of maintaining public safety and order, including by providing immediate assistance during natural or man-made emergencies, such as police vehicles, ambulances, civil protection and rescue vehicles, or fire brigade vehicles;(b) vehicles undergoing road tests for repair or maintenance purposes. 4.Driving licences issued in accordance with paragraphs 2 and 3 shall be valid only on the territory of the issuing Member State until the driving licence holder has reached the minimum age set out in paragraph 1, after which they shall be valid throughout the Union. Member States may recognise the validity on their territory of driving licences issued to drivers under the minimum ages set out in paragraph 1. However they shall not recognise the validity of driving licences issued under paragraph 2, points (b), (e) and (f). Member States may recognise mutually on their respective territories the validity of driving licences issued to drivers under the minimum ages as set out in paragraph 3, point (a).

Article 8 Article 8 Conditions and restrictions 1.In the event that Member States issue a driving licence subject to conditions, they shall indicate those conditions on the driving licence, by means of the relevant Union codes, set out in Annex I, Part E. They may also use national codes to indicate conditions not covered by Annex I, Part E. Where they do so, they shall inform the Commission in a timely manner and provide it with details of the national codes and the cases in which they are used, both upon the entry into force of this Directive and in the event of subsequent additions to or modifications of such national codes. If, due to a physical disability of the driver, a driving licence is issued to the driver in respect of only certain types of vehicles or only for vehicles adapted in order to compensate for such a physical disability, the test of skills and behaviour provided for in Article 10(1) shall be taken in such a vehicle. Member States shall adopt the provisions necessary to enable persons who have a physical disability to take their test in a vehicle adapted for their physical disability. 2.The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts, in accordance with Article 25, to amend Annex I, Part E, where necessary in order to take account of technical, operational or scientific developments.

Article 9 Article 9 Staging and equivalences between categories 1.Driving licences of categories BE, C1, C1E, C, CE, D1, D1E, D and DE shall be issued only to drivers already entitled to drive vehicles in category B. 2.The validity of driving licences shall be determined as follows: (a) driving licences issued for categories C1E, CE, D1E or DE shall also be valid for combinations of vehicles in category BE;(b) driving licences issued for category CE shall also be valid for category DE, if their holders are entitled to drive vehicles in category D;(c) driving licences issued for category C1E or CE shall also be valid for category D1E, if their holders are entitled to drive vehicles in category D1;(d) driving licences issued for categories CE and DE shall also be valid for categories C and C1, and D and D1, respectively;(e) driving licences issued for category CE and DE shall also be valid for combinations of vehicles in categories C1E and D1E respectively;(f) driving licences issued for category C1E and D1E shall also be valid for categories C1 and D1, respectively;(g) driving licences issued for any category shall also be valid for power-driven vehicles in category AM. However, for driving licences issued on its territory, a Member State may limit the equivalences for category AM to driving licences for categories A1, A2 and A, if that Member State imposes a practical test as a condition for obtaining a driving licence for category AM.(h) driving licences issued for category A2 shall also be valid for category A1;(i) driving licences issued for categories A, B, C or D shall also be valid for categories A1 and A2; B1; C1; D1, respectively;(j) two years after a category B driving licence was issued for the first time, it shall also be valid for driving motor vehicles, including power-driven emergency vehicles used for the purpose of maintaining public safety and order including by providing immediate assistance during natural or man-made emergencies, such as police vehicles, ambulances, civil protection and rescue vehicles, or fire brigade vehicles, powered wholly or in part by alternative fuels as defined in Article 2 of Directive 96/53/EC, and which have been approved under Regulation (EU) 2018/858, with a maximum authorised mass exceeding 3500 kg but not exceeding 4250 kg. Where the condition laid down in Article 6(1), point (c)(ii), of this Directive is met, those vehicles may be combined with a trailer, provided that the maximum authorised mass of the combination does not exceed 5000 kg. Motor caravans shall not be covered by the equivalence referred to in this point;(k) two years after a category BE driving licence was issued for the first time, it shall also be valid for driving a combination of a motor vehicle, powered wholly or in part by alternative fuels as defined in Article 2 of Directive 96/53/EC and which has been approved under Regulation (EU) 2018/858, with a maximum authorised mass exceeding 3500 kg, but not exceeding 4250 kg, as a tractor vehicle and a trailer or semi-trailer of mass categories O1 or O2 laid down in Article 4(1), point (c), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858. 3.For driving on their respective territories, Member States may grant the following equivalences: (a) powered tricycles under a driving licence for category B, for powered tricycles with a maximum net power exceeding 15 kW, provided that the holder of the driving licence for category B is at least 21 years old;(b) category A1 motorcycles under a driving licence for category B. The equivalences provided for in the first subparagraph shall be mutually recognised by the Member States that granted them. Member States shall indicate on the driving licence that a holder is entitled to drive the vehicles referred to in the first subparagraph only by means of the relevant Union codes, set out in Annex I, Part E. Member States shall inform the Commission without delay about equivalences referred to in the first subparagraph that are granted on their territories, including any related national codes which were used before 25 November 2025 . The Commission shall make that information available to Member States. 4.Member States may authorise the driving on their territory of the following categories of vehicles: (a) vehicles of category D1 with a maximum authorised mass of 3500 kg, excluding any specialised equipment intended for the carriage of passengers with disabilities, by drivers over 21 years old holding a category B driving licence, at least two years after such a driving licence was issued to the driver for the first time and provided that the vehicles are used by non-commercial entities for social purposes and that the driver provides his or her services on a voluntary basis;(b) vehicles of a maximum authorised mass exceeding 3500 kg by drivers aged over 21 years holding a category B driving licence, at least two years after such a driving licence was issued to the driver for the first time, provided that those vehicles fulfil all of the following conditions:(i) they are intended to be used, when stationary, only as an instructional or recreational facility;(ii) they are used by non-commercial entities for social purposes;(iii) they have been modified so that they can neither be used for the transport of more than nine persons nor for the transport of any goods other than those strictly necessary for the purposes set out in points (i) and (ii); (c) vehicles of category B with a maximum authorised mass not exceeding 2500 kg and with a maximum speed limited by technical means to 45 km/h, by drivers below 21 years old holding a category B1 driving licence, which was issued subject to the conditions set out in Article 6(1), point (c)(i), second subparagraph, and, if relevant, Article 7(2), point (b);(d) power-driven vehicles used for the purpose of maintaining public safety and order, including by providing immediate assistance during natural or man-made emergencies, such as police vehicles, ambulances, civil protection and rescue vehicles, or fire brigade vehicles, with a maximum authorised mass exceeding 3500 kg but not exceeding 5000 kg, which may be combined with a trailer when the maximum authorised mass of this combination does not exceed 5000 kg, by drivers who have reached the age of 20 years, holding a category B driving licence, having completed the training, testing, or both, required under Article 6(1), point (c)(ii), and who are driving solely for the purpose that the emergency vehicle is intended for, including necessary maintenance and test drives. Where Member States indicate on the driving licence that a holder is entitled to drive the vehicles referred to in the first subparagraph, points (a) and (b), they shall do so only by means of relevant national codes. Member States may, temporarily or indefinitely, mutually recognise on their respective territories the validity of driving licences issued under the first subparagraph, point (d). Member States shall inform the Commission of any authorisations granted in accordance with this paragraph. 5.Member States shall be entitled to authorise the driving of vehicles of category D or D1, on their territories, by holders of a driving licence issued for category C, provided that no other person is transported in the vehicle and provided that the driver is a person who is: (a) executing a roadworthiness test in accordance with Directive 2014/45/EU of the European Parliament and of the CouncilDirective 2014/45/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 on periodic roadworthiness tests for motor vehicles and their trailers and repealing Directive 2009/40/EC (OJ L 127, 29.4.2014, p. 51 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/45/oj). , within a 5 km radius from the testing centre; or(b) a mechanic of a vehicle repair workshop performing a test drive, within a 5 km radius from the workshop, once the vehicle has been repaired, or for maintenance or inspection purposes, respectively. When leaving the test centre or workshop, the holder of the category C driving licence shall be in a position to prove during any inspection that the vehicle is being driven for the purpose of a roadworthiness test as referred to in point (a) or for a test drive as referred to in point (b). Member States shall inform the Commission of any authorisations granted in accordance with this paragraph.

(1) driving licence means a document, be it in a physical or a digital format, or both, that certifies the right to drive power-driven vehicles and states the conditions under which the holder is authorised to drive;

Article 10 Article 10 Issue, validity and renewal 1.Driving licences shall be issued only to applicants who meet the following conditions: (a) they have passed a test of skills and behaviour and a theory test, in accordance with Annex II, and they meet the minimum standards of physical and mental fitness for driving, in accordance with Annex III;(b) as regards category AM, they have passed a theory test only; Member States may nevertheless require applicants to pass a test of skills and behaviour and may apply Article 11 in respect of this category.For three-wheel vehicles and quadricycles within this category, Member States may impose a specific test of skills and behaviour. For the differentiation of vehicles in category AM, a national code may be inserted on the driving licence; (c) as regards category A2 or category A, and on the condition that they have acquired a minimum of two years' experience driving a motorcycle in category A1 or in category A2 respectively, either:(i) have passed a test of skills and behaviour only; or(ii) have completed training pursuant to Annex VI; (d) they have completed training or passed a test of skills and behaviour, or completed training and passed a test of skills and behaviour pursuant to Annex V as regards category B for driving a vehicle combination, motor caravan, emergency vehicle or alternatively fuelled vehicle referred to in Article 6(1), point (c)(ii);(e) they have their normal residence in the territory of the Member State issuing the driving licence, or fall within the exceptions laid down in Article 20(3) or (4), or can produce evidence that, at the time they submit their application, they have been studying there for at least the preceding six months. 2.The duration of the administrative validity of driving licences issued by Member States shall be as follows: (a) 15 years for categories AM, A1, A2, A, B, B1 and BE. Member States may reduce that duration to 10 years in the event that their national law allows the driving licence to also be used as a personal identification document;(b) five years for categories C, CE, C1, C1E, D, DE, D1 and D1E. The renewal of a driving licence may trigger a new period of administrative validity for one or more categories that the holder is entitled to drive, in so far as that is in conformity with this Directive. The presence of a microchip or QR code pursuant to Article 4(5) and (6) respectively shall not be a prerequisite for a driving licence to be valid. The loss or unreadability of the microchip or of the QR code, or any other damage thereto, shall not affect the validity of the driving licence. Member States may, for the purpose of improving road safety, limit the period of administrative validity of any category of driving licences issued to novice drivers in order to apply specific measures to such drivers. Member States may limit the period of administrative validity of individual driving licences for any category if it is necessary to apply an increased frequency of medical checks, self-assessments or other specific measures, including restrictions for traffic offenders. Member States shall limit the period of administrative validity of individual driving licences in accordance with Article 6(1), point (c)(i), second subparagraph. The driving licence so limited shall not be renewable. Member States may reduce the periods of administrative validity set out in the first subparagraph, for driving licences of holders residing on their territory who have reached the age of 65 years, in order to require that medical checks, self-assessments or other specific measures, including refresher courses, be carried out more frequently. Such reduced period of administrative validity shall be applied only upon the renewal of the driving licence. Member States may reduce the period of administrative validity set out in this paragraph of the driving licences of persons who have been granted a temporary residence permit or who benefit on their territories from temporary protection, or from adequate protection under national law. 3.The renewal of driving licences upon the expiry of their administrative validity shall be subject to both of the following conditions: (a) continuing compliance of the applicant for the renewal with the minimum standards of physical and mental fitness for driving set out in Annex III;(b) that the applicant for the renewal has his or her normal residence in the territory of the Member State issuing the driving licence, or fall within the exceptions laid down in Article 20(3), or evidence that the applicant for the renewal has been studying there for at least the preceding six months, at the time they submit their application. 4.Without prejudice to national criminal laws and policing laws, Member States may apply to the issuing of driving licences national provisions relating to conditions other than those set out in this Directive. They shall inform the Commission thereof. 5.No person may hold more than one driving licence. A mobile driving licence may, however, be simultaneously displayed on more than one electronic device. A Member State shall refuse to issue a driving licence if the applicant already holds a driving licence issued by another Member State. Member States shall take the measures necessary to apply the second subparagraph. The measures necessary as regards the issuing, replacement, renewal or exchange of a driving licence shall, where there are reasonable grounds to suspect that the applicant is already the holder of another driving licence, include verifying with other Member States whether the applicant is the holder of another driving licence. To that end, Member States shall use the EU driving licence network. Without prejudice to Article 3(6), a Member State issuing a driving licence shall apply due diligence to ensure that a person fulfils the requirements set out in paragraph 1 of this Article, and shall apply its national provisions on the cancellation of the driving licence or of the right to drive if it is established that a given driving licence has been issued without those requirements having been met. 6.The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts, in accordance with Article 25, to amend Annexes II, III, V and VI where necessary in order to take account of technical, operational or scientific developments.

Article 11 Article 11 Compliance with the minimum standards of physical and mental fitness 1.Member States shall, before a driving licence is issued for the first time, ensure that applicants undergo a medical examination in which the minimum standards of physical and mental fitness covering all the medical conditions set out in Annex III are applied. That applies to the issuance of driving licences in category AM only if so required by the Member State in question in accordance with Article 10(1), point (b). A medical examination shall, however, be required in respect of applications for driving licences of categories C, CE, C1, C1E, D, D1, DE or D1E, regardless of whether a medical examination was undertaken for another category. 2.Before a driving licence is renewed, applicants for the renewal shall undergo a medical examination covering the medical conditions set out in Annex III. This shall apply to the renewal of driving licences in category AM only if so required by the Member State in question in accordance with Article 10(1), point (b). 3.Notwithstanding paragraphs 1 and 2, and to the extent not otherwise provided for by Annex III, such as in the case of the appropriate assessment of eyesight for applicants for driving licences in accordance with Annex III, point 3, Member States may, for categories AM, A, A1, A2, B, B1 and BE, instead of requiring a medical examination, apply one or both of the following alternative measures: (a) require the applicant or holder of the driving licence to fill in a self-assessment form covering the medical conditions set out in Annex III when applying for the issuance or renewal of a driving licence; or(b) establish a national system of assessment of fitness to drive to ensure that significant changes in physical or mental fitness are reacted to in order to comply with the minimum standards of physical and mental fitness set out in Annex III, after the driving licence has been issued to the applicant following a medical examination or self-assessment. 4.Member States may provide for appropriate measures to address non-compliance with the requirement to fill in a self-assessment form or for knowingly providing information in the self-assessment form that is incorrect or incomplete, or for failing to meet any requirement established in accordance with paragraph 3, point (b). 5.Member States may apply the alternative measure under paragraph 3, point (b), in such a way that it allows the monitoring of fitness to drive during periods of administrative validity. 6.If, on the basis of information acquired pursuant to the various alternative measures set out in paragraph 3, it becomes apparent that the applicant or holder of a driving licence is likely to have one or more of the medical conditions listed in Annex III, Member States shall ensure that the applicant or holder of the driving licence undergoes a medical examination prior to the Member States issuing or renewing the driving licence. 7.This Article shall not prevent Member States from taking measures to raise awareness and improve the knowledge of the health sector and of driving licence holders about the minimum standards of physical and mental fitness for driving set out in Annex III. If Member States adopt guidelines for medical practitioners to help identify driving licence holders who no longer meet the minimum standards of physical and mental fitness to drive, they shall inform the Commission thereof. The Commission shall make the guidelines available to the other Member States. If Member States develop public awareness campaigns to inform citizens about mental or physical health conditions that may impair fitness to drive, they shall inform the Commission thereof. The Commission shall make the information available to the other Member States. 8.The standards set by Member States for the issuance or any subsequent renewal of driving licences may be stricter than those set out in Annex III.

Article 12 Article 12 Extension of validity in the event of a crisis 1.In the event of a crisis, Members States may extend the period of administrative validity of driving licences that would otherwise expire, for a maximum period of six months. The extension may be renewed where the crisis persists. 2.Any such extension shall be duly justified and notified immediately to the Commission. The Commission shall immediately publish this information in the Official Journal of the European Union . Member States shall recognise the validity of driving licences the period of administrative validity of which has been extended under this Article. 3.On duly justified imperative grounds of urgency relating to the crisis referred to in paragraph 1 that affects two or more Member States, the Commission may adopt immediately applicable implementing acts in order to extend the period of administrative validity of all or certain categories of driving licences that would otherwise expire. That extension shall not exceed six months and may be renewed where the crisis persists. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 26(3). 4.Where a Member State is not, and is not likely to be, affected by difficulties that rendered the renewal of driving licences impracticable as a consequence of the crisis affecting two or more Member States referred to in paragraph 3, or has taken appropriate national measures to mitigate the impact of that crisis, that Member State may, after having informed the Commission, decide not to apply the extension introduced by the implementing act referred to in paragraph 3. The Commission shall inform the other Member States thereof and publish a notice in the Official Journal of the European Union .

Article 13 Article 13 Exchange and replacement of driving licences issued by Member States 1.Where the holder of a valid driving licence issued by one Member State has taken up normal residence in another Member State, the holder may request from the Member State of normal residence that that holder’s driving licence be exchanged for an equivalent driving licence. The Member State requested to perform the exchange shall check in respect of which category or categories the driving licence the exchange of which is requested is still valid. 2.Subject to the principle of territoriality of criminal laws and policing laws, the Member State of normal residence may apply its national provisions on the cancellation, withdrawal, suspension or restriction of the right to drive of the holder of a driving licence issued by another Member State and, if necessary, may exchange the driving licence for that purpose. 3.The Member State exchanging a physical driving licence shall return the old driving licence to the authorities of the Member State of issuance, and give the reasons for the exchange. The Member State exchanging a mobile driving licence shall inform the authorities of the Member State of issuance and give the reasons for the exchange. The Member State of issuance shall ensure that the previous mobile driving licence can no longer be displayed through the electronic device used for this purpose by the holder of the driving licence. The Member States shall use the EU driving licence network for communication purposes. 4.Replacements for physical driving licences which have been damaged, lost or stolen, and replacements for physical or mobile driving licences of which a fraudulent use was made, may be obtained only from the competent authorities of the Member State in which the holder of the driving licence has his or her normal residence, or of the Member State of issuance if Article 20(3) is applied. Those authorities shall provide the replacement on the basis of the information in their possession or, where appropriate, on the basis of proof from the competent authorities of the Member State of issuance of the original driving licence. If a driving licence was replaced by a Member State other than the Member State of issuance and the replaced driving licence is still in the possession of, or can be displayed by, the holder of the driving licence in question, the procedures set out in paragraph 3 shall apply.

Article 14 Article 14 Attesting the right to drive during exchange or replacement

Article 15 Article 15 Exchange of driving licences issued by third countries 1.Where a Member State provides for the exchange of a driving licence issued by a third country to a holder of the driving licence that has taken up normal residence in its territory, that Member State shall exchange the driving licence in accordance with this Article. 2.Where a Member State exchanges a driving licence issued by a third country that has not been the subject of an implementing act adopted pursuant to paragraph 7 of this Article, such exchange shall be recorded on the driving licence issued by that Member State by using the relevant code set out in Annex I, Part E, as shall any subsequent renewal or replacement. If the holder of that driving licence subsequently transfers his or her normal residence to another Member State, the latter may decide not to apply the principle of mutual recognition set out in Article 3(6). Member States shall apply, for such exchanges, their national law, in accordance with the conditions provided for in this paragraph. 3.Where the driving licence is issued in a category and by a third country that has been the subject of an implementing act adopted pursuant to paragraph 7, such exchange shall be recorded on the driving licence issued by the Member State concerned by using the relevant code set out in Annex I, Part E. In those cases, Member States shall exchange the driving licence in accordance with the conditions set out in the relevant implementing act. 4.Where a driving licence issued by a Member State was exchanged for a driving licence of a third country, Member States shall not require the fulfilment of any additional conditions other than those set out in Article 10(3), point (a), or record any additional information for exchanging that third-country driving licence, as regards the categories of the initial driving licence. In the situation referred to in the first subparagraph, where an applicant requests to exchange a driving licence that is also valid for categories concerning which the applicant acquired the right to drive in a third country, the following rules shall apply: (a) if the driving licence was issued for a category and by a third country that has been the subject of an implementing act adopted pursuant to paragraph 7, paragraph 3 shall apply;(b) in the absence of an implementing act adopted pursuant to paragraph 7, paragraph 2 shall apply. 5.The exchanges referred to in paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 shall occur only if the driving licence issued by the third country has been surrendered to the competent authorities of the Member State requested to make the exchange. 6.The Commission may determine that a third country has a road transport framework guaranteeing, wholly or partially, a level of road safety that is comparable to that of the Union, which makes it possible for the driving licences issued by that third country to be exchanged, if necessary after complying with certain pre-defined conditions, in accordance with paragraph 3. Where the Commission makes the determination referred to in the first subparagraph, it may, in cooperation with the Member States, assess the third country’s road transport framework. Member States shall provide their opinion on the road transport framework in place in the identified third country within a period to be set by the Commission. That period shall be at least 6 months and no more than 18 months long. The Commission shall proceed with the assessment once it has received an opinion from all Member States or once the time limit for sending the opinions has passed, whichever is earlier. When assessing the road transport framework in place in a third country, the Commission shall take into account at least the following elements: (a) the driver licensing requirements in place, such as the classification of driving licence categories, minimum age requirements, training and driving tests requirements and conditions, and medical standards for issuing the driving licence;(b) whether the third country issues mobile driving licences and, if so, the applicable technical and structural arrangements for operating the system;(c) the extent to which there are forged driving licences in circulation, and what measures are taken to prevent the forgery of, and corruption in relation to, driving licences;(d) the period of administrative validity of the driving licences issued by the third country;(e) the traffic conditions in the third country, and whether they are comparable to the traffic conditions on the road networks in the Union;(f) the road safety performance of the third country;(g) the third country’s practice and legal framework in exchanging driving licences issued by Member States. 7.The Commission may, after conducting the assessment referred to in paragraph 6 and by means of an implementing act, decide that a third country has a road transport framework in place that wholly or partially guarantees a level of road safety that is comparable to that of the Union, in order for the driving licences issued by that third country to be exchanged in accordance with paragraph 3. The implementing act referred to in the first subparagraph of this paragraph shall contain at least: (a) the driving licence categories referred to in Article 6, in respect of which an exchange may be made in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article;(b) the dates of issuance of the third country driving licences after which an exchange may be made in accordance with paragraph 3;(c) any general conditions to be complied with for the purpose of verifying the authenticity of the official document to be exchanged;(d) any general conditions with which the applicant has to comply, prior to the exchange, in order to demonstrate that the applicant meets the minimum standards of physical and mental fitness set out in Annex III. Where the driving licence of the applicant does not make it possible for the applicant to comply with the second subparagraph, point (a) or (b), of this paragraph, Member States may decide to exchange the driving licence in accordance with paragraph 2. Where the applicant is not able to comply with the second subparagraph, points (c) or (d), of this paragraph, Member States shall refuse to exchange the driving licence. Any additional condition set out in the implementing act referred to in the first subparagraph of this paragraph shall provide for either the applicability of the national provisions of the Member State in accordance with paragraph 2, or for the refusal of the exchange of the driving licence, where such conditions are not complied with by the applicant. The implementing act under this paragraph shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 26(2). 8.The implementing act adopted pursuant to paragraph 7 shall provide for a periodic review by the Commission, at least every four years, of the road safety situation in the third country concerned. Member States shall have the possibility to provide their opinions. Depending on the conclusions of the review, the Commission shall maintain, amend or suspend, to the extent necessary, or shall repeal that implementing act. 9.The Commission shall publish in the Official Journal of the European Union and on its website a list of the third countries that have been the subject of an implementing act adopted pursuant to paragraph 7, and shall also publish any relevant changes made in accordance with paragraph 8. 10.To support the integration of third-country professional drivers into the internal market of the Union, the Commission shall promote the exchange of best practices within the expert group on the qualification and training of drivers of certain road vehicles that has been established pursuant to the requirement laid down in Article 13(4) of Directive (EU) 2022/2561.

Article 16 Article 16 Effects of the cancellation, withdrawal, suspension or restriction of the right to drive of a driver of a power-driven vehicle, of his or her driving licence or of the recognition of the validity of his or her driving licence 1.Member States shall refuse to issue driving licences to applicants whose driving licence has been cancelled, withdrawn, suspended or restricted in another Member State. 2.A Member State shall refuse to recognise the validity of any driving licence issued by another Member State to a person whose right to drive, driving licence, or the recognition of the validity of whose driving licence is cancelled, withdrawn, suspended or restricted in the former Member State’s territory. 3.The right to drive, a driving licence or the recognition of its validity shall be considered as cancelled, withdrawn, suspended or restricted for the purposes of this Article, until the person concerned complies with any conditions imposed by a Member State, in order to recover the right to drive or his or her driving licence, or to regain the recognition of the validity of his or her driving licence, or to be able to apply for a new driving licence. Member States shall ensure that any conditions they impose in order for a person to be allowed to recover the right to drive, or his or her driving licence or to regain the recognition of the validity of his or her driving licence, or to be allowed to apply for a new driving licence, are proportionate, non-discriminatory to holders of driving licences issued by any other Member State, and that they do not, by themselves, lead to a refusal of indefinite duration to issue a driving licence or to recognise a driving licence issued by another Member State. 4.Where it is justified on the basis of a person’s conduct or physical or mental fitness, Member States may disqualify that person from driving in their territory indefinitely without providing that person the possibility to recover the right to drive or his or her driving licence, or to regain the recognition of the validity of his or her driving licence, or to apply for a new driving licence. By way of derogation from paragraph 1, a Member State which has not disqualified that person from driving may, after consulting with the Member State as referred to in the first subparagraph of this paragraph, issue a driving licence to that person. However, the Member State which disqualified that person from driving may refuse, in its territory and indefinitely, to recognise a driving licence issued by another Member State.

Article 17 Article 17 Accompanied driving scheme 1.Notwithstanding Article 7(1), point (b), Member States shall issue driving licences, in accordance with Article 10(1), for category B marked with Union code 98.02 set out in Annex I, Part E, to applicants who have reached the age of 17 years. 2.By way of derogation from Article 7(1), points (b) and (d), respectively, Member States may, for driving on their respective territories, issue driving licences for category C1, C1E or C, in accordance with Article 10(1), provided the applicant holds a CPC awarded in accordance with Article 6(1) of Directive (EU) 2022/2561 for category C or in accordance with Article 6(2) of Directive (EU) 2022/2561 for categories C1 and C1E , marked with Union code 98.02 set out in Annex I, Part E, to applicants who have reached the age of 17 years. Driving licences issued in accordance with the first subparagraph shall be mutually recognised by the Member States that issue such driving licences. 3.Holders of a driving licence marked with Union code 98.02 set out in Annex I, Part E, who have not reached the age of 18 years shall drive only when accompanied by a person, in the front passenger seat, who is able to provide guidance to them while driving. The accompanying person shall comply with the rules on driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs. The accompanying person shall: (a) have a minimum age of 24 years;(b) hold a driving licence of the relevant category issued in the Union more than five years previously;(c) not have been subject to a driving disqualification in the Member State of issuance of the driving licence referred to in point (b) within the last five years. A Member State other than the Member State of issuance referred to in point (c) may provide for enforcing a driving disqualification within its territory, following an offence committed on its territory, which could imply a lack of aptitude to act as an accompanying person under this Article. 4.Member States may require the identification of the accompanying persons referred to in paragraph 3 in order to ensure compliance with this Article. Member States may limit the number of possible accompanying persons in respect of a given accompanied driver. Member States may on their territory apply additional conditions to be fulfilled by the person accompanying the holder of a driving licence issued by them. Such conditions shall be proportionate and suitable as regards achieving the aims of the accompanied driving scheme. Member States shall inform the Commission of those additional conditions. The Commission shall make the information on those additional conditions available to the public. For a person accompanying a holder of a driving licence of categories C, C1E or C1, the requirements referred to in the first subparagraph may include in particular, the requirement that the accompanying person: (a) have the relevant qualification and training provided in accordance with Directive (EU) 2022/2561; or(b) have undergone a dedicated training course of at least 7 hours, which may be increased to 14 hours, to learn the necessary professional and pedagogical skills, as part of his or her periodic CPC training. 5.The accompanied driving scheme shall not restrict any existing possibility that Member States have to lower the minimum age for applicants for category B driving licences as set out in Article 7(2) or to apply related conditions at national level. 6.Member States may apply additional conditions to the issuance of a driving licence marked with Union code 98.02 set out in Annex I, Part E, to applicants who have not reached the age of 18 years. They shall inform the Commission thereof. The Commission shall make this information available to the public.

Article 18 Article 18 Probationary period 1.The holder of a driving licence issued after the passing of a driving test required under Article 10(1), point (a), shall be considered a novice driver and shall be subject to a probationary period. The duration of the probationary period shall be determined by the Member State issuing the driving licence, and shall not be less than two years. If the novice driver already has a valid driving licence for another category of vehicle, the probationary period shall in principle include only what remains of the probationary period for the existing driving licence. However, for novice drivers having a category AM driving licence only, obtaining a licence of a new category shall in any case give rise to a new probationary period. Member States may, in respect of driving licences of categories other than AM issued by them, require an additional or supplementary probationary period, in particular to take account of the different risks and required skills associated with the new driving licence category. 2.Member States shall lay down rules or sanctions, or both, for driving under the influence of alcohol for novice drivers which are stricter than those for non-novice drivers, and shall take all measures necessary to ensure that they are implemented. Where Member States decide to lay down sanctions, those sanctions shall be effective, proportionate, dissuasive and non-discriminatory. In addition, Member States shall take measures with the purpose of reducing: (a) driving under the influence of drugs among novice drivers;(b) non-compliance with the laws, regulations and administrative provisions transposing Council Directive 91/671/EECCouncil Directive 91/671/EEC of 16 December 1991 relating to the compulsory use of safety belts and child-restraint systems in vehicles (OJ L 373, 31.12.1991, p. 26 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/1991/671/oj). relating to the compulsory use of safety belts and child-restraint systems in vehicles. 3.Nothing in this Article shall prevent Member States from introducing into their national law zero-tolerance provisions forbidding the consumption of alcohol or drugs for all drivers before driving. Where Member States introduce such zero-tolerance provisions into their national law, they shall take all the measures necessary to align their national law with the measures taken under paragraph 2. 4.Member States may establish additional rules applicable on their territories to novice drivers to improve road safety. They shall inform the Commission thereof. 5.If a competent authority of the Member State of normal residence decides to prolong a driver’s probationary period on account of any unlawful conduct of that person, it shall ensure that the new probationary period is recorded on the driving licence. 6.Member States shall mark driving licences issued during a probationary period with the relevant Union code set out in Annex I, Part E.

Article 19 Article 19 Examiners 1.Driving examiners shall meet the minimum standards set out in Annex IV. Driving examiners already working in that capacity before 19 January 2013 shall be subject only to the requirements concerning quality assurance and regular periodic training measures laid down in that Annex. 2.The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts, in accordance with Article 25, to amend Annex IV where necessary in order to take account of technical, operational or scientific developments.

(2) physical driving licence means a driving licence that is in a physical format;

Article 20 Article 20 Normal residence 1.The place of normal residence shall be regarded as the place where a person usually lives, that is for at least 185 days of the previous 365 days, because of personal and occupational ties, or, in the case of a person with no occupational ties, because of personal ties which show close links between that person and the place where that person is living. However, the place of normal residence of a person whose occupational ties are in a different place from that person’s personal ties, and who consequently lives in turn in different places situated in two or more Member States, shall be regarded as being the place of that person’s personal ties, provided that such person returns there regularly. The person shall not be obliged to comply with this condition if he or she is living in a Member State in order to carry out a task of a definite duration. Attendance at a university or school shall not constitute transfer of normal residence. 2.For the purposes of Article 10(3), point (b), and Article 13(4), the place of normal residence of the staff of diplomatic services of the Union, that is to say officials from relevant departments of the General Secretariat of the Council and of the Commission, as well as staff seconded from Member States’ diplomatic services and any other employee or contractor working for the Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies in the area of external representation and who, in order to be able to perform their contractual duties, have lived at least 181 days in the latest 365 days outside the Union, or staff of diplomatic services of its Member States, or of the members of their families forming part of their households, accredited to third countries shall be considered to be in the territory of the Member State or Member States of issuance of the driving licences that are being renewed or replaced. 3.In exceptional cases, where the holder of a driving licence cannot prove the establishment of his or her normal residence in a given Member State under paragraph 1, the holder may have his or her driving licence renewed or replaced in the Member State of issuance. 4.By way of derogation from Article 10(1), point (e), and for the specific purpose of the first issuance of a category B driving licence, an applicant whose Member State of normal residence is different from that applicant’s Member State of citizenship may have his or her driving licence issued by the latter, where it is not possible in the Member State of normal residence to take either the theory test or the practical test, or both of those tests, in an official language of the Member State of citizenship of the applicant that is also an official language of the Union, or with an interpreter. In accordance with Regulation (EU) 2018/1724, Member States and the Commission shall give users access to information on the languages for which translation or interpretation of theory tests and practical tests is being provided in each Member State.

Article 21 Article 21 Equivalences between non-Union standard driving licences 1.Member States shall apply the equivalences established by Commission Decision (EU) 2016/1945Commission Decision (EU) 2016/1945 of 14 October 2016 on equivalences between categories of driving licences (OJ L 302, 9.11.2016, p. 62 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dec/2016/1945/oj). between entitlements granted before 19 January 2013 and the categories set out in Article 6 of this Directive. 2.Any entitlement to drive granted before 19 January 2013 shall not be removed or be in any way qualified by this Directive.

Article 22 Article 22 Mutual assistance and EU driving licence network 1.Member States shall assist one another in the implementation of this Directive. They shall exchange information on the driving licences they have issued, exchanged, replaced, renewed, restricted, suspended, withdrawn, cancelled or revoked, and on the driving disqualifications they have imposed or, where relevant, they plan to enact, and shall consult each other when there are reasonable grounds to suspect that an applicant for a driving licence is subject to a driving disqualification in another Member State. They shall use the EU driving licence network for the exchange of information. 2.Member States may also use the EU driving licence network for the exchange of information for the following purposes: (a) to enable their authorities to verify the validity and authenticity of a driving licence, in particular during roadside checks, during investigations or as part of anti-forgery measures;(b) to facilitate investigations in accordance with Directive (EU) 2015/413;(c) to enforce Directive (EU) 2022/2561, and to verify the validity and authenticity of a driving licence when enforcing Regulation (EC) No 561/2006 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilRegulation (EC) No 561/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 on the harmonisation of certain social legislation relating to road transport and amending Council Regulations (EEC) No 3821/85 and (EC) No 2135/98 and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 3820/85 (OJ L 102, 11.4.2006, p. 1 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2006/561/oj). or Regulation (EU) No 165/2014 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilRegulation (EU) No 165/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 February 2014 on tachographs in road transport, repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 3821/85 on recording equipment in road transport and amending Regulation (EC) No 561/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the harmonisation of certain social legislation relating to road transport (OJ L 60, 28.2.2014, p. 1 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2014/165/oj). . 3.Access to the EU driving licence network shall be secure. The EU driving licence network shall provide for both synchronous, that is to say real time, and asynchronous exchange of information, and for the sending and receiving of secured messages, notifications and attachments. Member States shall take all necessary steps to ensure that the information exchanged through the EU driving licence network is up-to-date. Member States shall grant access to the EU driving licence network only to the authorities competent for the purposes referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2. 4.Member States shall also assist each other in the implementation of the mobile driving licence, in particular to guarantee seamless interoperability between the applications and verification features referred to in Annex I, Part C. 5.The Commission shall adopt by 6 June 2026 implementing acts laying down a common set of rules governing the operation of the EU driving licence network, including the detailed operational, interface and technical requirements. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 26(2). 6.Member States may cooperate in the enforcement of any cancellation, withdrawal, suspension or any restriction, of the right to drive or a driving licence, or of the recognition of the driving licence’s validity, in particular where the relevant measures are limited to certain driving licence categories or to the territories of certain Member States, in particular through endorsements on the driving licences they have issued.

Article 23 Article 23 Reporting by Member States 1.Member States shall inform the Commission on a yearly basis about the number of driving licences issued, renewed, replaced, withdrawn and exchanged, for each category of driving licence. The data shall be provided separately for mobile driving licences and physical driving licences. 2.By 26 November 2029 , and every five years thereafter, by way of facilitating the preparation of the Commission’s report referred to in Article 24, Member States shall provide the Commission with statistics on road traffic accidents in which a person is injured or killed, involving drivers in professional occupation, in particular drivers of 17 years of age participating in an accompanied driving scheme referred to in Article 17(2). 3.Member States may periodically share data with the Commission on national law on the handling of non-road mobile machinery and on related road safety considerations, and may provide information where concerns related to the free movement of workers are observed.

Article 24 Article 24 Review and reporting by the Commission 1.By 26 November 2030 , and every five years thereafter, the Commission shall present a report to the European Parliament and to the Council on the implementation of this Directive. As part of the report, the Commission shall assess: (a) the Directive’s impact on road safety, in particular:(i) whether there is any impact resulting from the granting of equivalences under Article 9(2), points (j) and (k);(ii) whether there is any impact resulting from the granting of equivalences under Article 9(4); (b) the effects on road safety and on the shortage of drivers of the implementation of the accompanied driving scheme for professional driving licence categories, based on the reports received from the Member States in accordance with Article 23(2). The report shall be accompanied, if appropriate, by a legislative proposal. 2.As a part of the report referred to in paragraph 1, the Commission shall assess new technological developments for alternatively-fuelled vehicles affecting the mass of those vehicles. To that end, the Commission shall use information collected in accordance with Article 7 of Regulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilRegulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 setting CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and for new light commercial vehicles, and repealing Regulations (EC) No 443/2009 and (EU) No 510/2011 (OJ L 111, 25.4.2019, p. 13 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/631/oj). setting CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and for new light commercial vehicles. The Commission may request additional information from vehicle manufacturers on the possible impact of such new technological developments on the mass of vehicles, to support its assessment. Vehicle manufacturers shall be required to provide the data referred to in the first subparagraph within a reasonable timeframe and in compliance with applicable Union law. 3.Without prejudice to paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article, by 26 November 2026 or immediately after the adoption of the first of the implementing acts referred to in Article 5(7), whichever is earlier, the Commission shall assess the feasibility of bringing forward the date referred to in Article 3(4), and shall provide a report on its findings. Member States may provide the Commission with information they deem relevant for the purpose of this assessment, and the Commission shall take that information into account. The report shall be accompanied, if appropriate, by a legislative proposal.

Article 25 Article 25 Exercise of the delegation 1.The power to adopt delegated acts is conferred on the Commission subject to the conditions laid down in this Article. 2.The power to adopt delegated acts referred to in Article 4(8), Article 5(6), Article 8(2), Article 10(6) and Article 19(2) shall be conferred on the Commission for a period of five years from 25 November 2025 . The Commission shall draw up a report in respect of the delegation of power not later than nine months before the end of the five-year period. The delegation of power shall be tacitly extended for periods of an identical duration, unless the European Parliament or the Council opposes such extension no later than three months before the end of each period. 3.The delegation of power referred to in Article 4(8), Article 5(6), Article 8(2), Article 10(6) and Article 19(2) may be revoked at any time by the European Parliament or by the Council. A decision to revoke shall put an end to the delegation of the power specified in that decision. It shall take effect the day following the publication of the decision in the Official Journal of the European Union or at a later date specified therein. It shall not affect the validity of any delegated acts already in force. 4.Before adopting a delegated act, the Commission shall consult experts designated by each Member State in accordance with the principles laid down in the Interinstitutional Agreement of 13 April 2016 on Better Law-Making. 5.As soon as it adopts a delegated act, the Commission shall notify it simultaneously to the European Parliament and to the Council. 6.A delegated act adopted pursuant to Article 4(8), Article 5(6), Article 8(2), Article 10(6) or Article 19(2) shall enter into force only if no objection has been expressed either by the European Parliament or by the Council within a period of two months of notification of that act to the European Parliament and the Council or if, before the expiry of that period, the European Parliament and the Council have both informed the Commission that they will not object. That period shall be extended by two months at the initiative of the European Parliament or of the Council.

Article 26 Article 26 Committee procedure 1.The Commission shall be assisted by the committee on driving licences established by Council Directive 97/26/ECCouncil Directive 97/26/EC of 2 June 1997 amending Directive 91/439/EEC on driving licences (OJ L 150, 7.6.1997, p. 41 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/1997/26/oj). (the committee). The committee shall be a committee within the meaning of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011. 2.Where reference is made to this paragraph, Article 5 of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 shall apply. Where the opinion of the committee is to be obtained by written procedure, that procedure shall be terminated without result when, within the time limit for delivery of the opinion, the chair of the committee so decides or a simple majority of committee members so request. Where the committee delivers no opinion, the Commission shall not adopt the draft implementing act, and Article 5(4), third subparagraph, of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 shall apply. 3.Where reference is made to this paragraph, Article 8 of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 shall apply.

Article 27 Article 27 Amendments to Directive (EU) 2022/2561

Article 28 Article 28 Amendments to Regulation (EU) 2018/1724

Article 29 Article 29 Transposition 1.Without prejudice to paragraph 2, by 26 November 2028 , Member States shall adopt and publish the measures necessary to comply with this Directive. They shall immediately inform the Commission thereof. Without prejudice to paragraph 2, they shall apply those measures from 26 November 2029 . When Member States adopt those measures, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or be accompanied by such reference on the occasion of their official publication. The methods of making such reference shall be laid down by Member States. 2.By 26 November 2027 , Member States shall adopt and publish the measures necessary to comply with Article 9(2), points (j) and (k),. They shall immediately inform the Commission thereof. They shall apply those measures from 26 November 2027 . 3.By 26 November 2028 , Member States shall adopt and publish the measures necessary to comply with Article 17. They shall immediately inform the Commission thereof. They shall apply those measures from 26 November 2028 . 4.Member States shall communicate to the Commission the text of the main measures of national law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive.

(3) mobile driving licence means a driving licence that is in a digital format;

Article 30 Article 30 Repeal 1.Directive 2006/126/EC is repealed with effect from 26 November 2029 , except for Article 6(4), point (c), thereof, which is repealed with effect from 26 November 2027 . References made to Directive 2006/126/EC shall be construed as references to this Directive, and shall be read in accordance with the correlation table set out in Annex VII to this Directive. 2.Regulation (EU) No 383/2012 is repealed with effect from 26 November 2029 . References made to Regulation (EU) No 383/2012 shall be construed as references to this Directive, and shall be read in accordance with the correlation table in Annex VII.

Article 31 Article 31 Entry into force

Article 32 Article 32 Addressees

(4) power-driven vehicle means any self-propelled road vehicle, other than a rail-borne vehicle;

(5) two-wheel vehicle means a vehicle as referred to in Article 4(2), point (a), of Regulation (EU) No 168/2013 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilRegulation (EU) No 168/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2013 on the approval and market surveillance of two- or three-wheel vehicles and quadricycles (OJ L 60, 2.3.2013, p. 52 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2013/168/oj). ;

(6) three-wheel vehicle means a vehicle as referred to in Article 4(2), point (b), of Regulation (EU) No 168/2013;

(7) light quadricycle means a vehicle as referred to in Article 4(2), point (f), of Regulation (EU) No 168/2013;

(8) motorcycle means a two-wheel vehicle with or without a sidecar, as referred to in Article 4(2), points (c) and (d), of Regulation (EU) No 168/2013;

(9) powered tricycle means a vehicle with three symmetrically arranged wheels, as referred to in Article 4(2), point (e), of Regulation (EU) No 168/2013;

(10) motor vehicle means any power-driven vehicle which is normally used for carrying persons or goods by road or for drawing, on the road, vehicles used for the carriage of persons or goods, and includes trolleybuses;

Member States shall ensure that their national driving licences are issued in accordance with this Directive, and that they comply with the Union standard specifications laid down in Annex I, and other criteria pursuant to:

(a) Article 4, for physical driving licences;

(b) Article 5, for mobile driving licences.

Member States shall ensure that physical and mobile driving licences issued to the same person are fully equivalent as regards the rights and conditions under which that person is authorised to drive, and as to their administrative validity.

Without prejudice to the handling of existing driving licences in cases of exchange or replacement, in accordance with Article 13(3) and (4), Member States shall not, as a prerequisite, require the possession of a physical or mobile driving licence from the applicant when issuing, replacing, renewing or exchanging a driving licence in the other format.

Effective from the date 54 months from the date of the adoption of the first of the implementing acts in accordance with Article 5(7), Member States shall ensure that mobile driving licences are issued as the default format of the driving licence, without prejudice to the right of the applicant to obtain the driving licence in a physical format or in both formats through one and the same application at the same time. After the issuance of a driving licence in one format, the holder of a driving licence shall continue to have the right to request the issuance of a driving licence in the other format, including when that holder’s driving licence has not yet expired.

Member States may issue mobile driving licences before the date referred to in paragraph 4.

Driving licences issued by Member States shall be mutually recognised. However, mobile driving licences issued in accordance with Article 5 shall be mutually recognised only after the date laid down in paragraph 4 of this Article.

Directive 2006/126/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on driving licences (OJ L 403, 30.12.2006, p. 18 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2006/126/oj).

(11) trolleybus means any vehicle that can be connected to an electric conductor and is not track-based;

(12) heavy quadricycle means a vehicle as referred to in Article 4(2), point (g), of Regulation (EU) No 168/2013;

(13) motor caravan means a special purpose vehicle of category M as referred to in Article 4 and point 5.1 of Annex I to Regulation (EU) 2018/858.

(14) crisis means an exceptional, unexpected and sudden, natural or man-made event of extraordinary nature and scale that takes place inside or outside of the Union, which has significant direct or indirect impacts on the area of road transport and which also prevents or significantly impairs the possibility for the holders of driving licences or relevant national authorities from carrying out the necessary procedures for their renewal.

Member States shall issue physical driving licences based on the Union standard specifications laid down in Annex I.

Member States shall take all necessary steps to avoid any risk of forgery of driving licences, including driving licences issued before 19 January 2013 . They shall inform the Commission of the steps taken.

Physical driving licences shall be protected against forgery, at the minimum, by means of the Union standard specifications laid down in Annex I, Part A2. Member States may introduce additional security features.

Where the holder of a valid physical driving licence which does not have a period of administrative validity, takes up normal residence in a Member State other than the Member State of issuance, the host Member State may, as of two years from the date on which the holder has taken up normal residence on its territory, apply the periods of administrative validity set out in Article 10(2), by renewing the driving licence.

Member States shall ensure that, by 19 January 2033 , all physical driving licences issued or in circulation fulfil all the requirements of this Directive.

Member States may decide to incorporate a microchip as part of the physical driving licence. Where a Member State decides to incorporate a microchip as part of its physical driving licence, it may, where its national laws related to driving licences so provide, also decide to store on the microchip data additional to those specified in Annex I, Part D.

Where Member States provide for a microchip as part of the physical driving licence, they shall, at the minimum, apply the relevant technical requirements laid down in Annex I, Parts B to B4. Member States may introduce additional security features.

Where Member States adopt a decision to incorporate a microchip in the physical driving licences that are issued by them, or where they subsequently amend that decision, they shall inform the Commission within three months of the adoption of the relevant decision. Member States that have already incorporated a microchip in their physical driving licences shall inform the Commission accordingly by 26 February 2026 .

Member States may decide to incorporate, in the space reserved for the microchip in the physical driving licences that are issued by them, a QR code instead of, or together with, the microchip. The QR code shall make it possible to verify the authenticity of the information reported on the physical driving licence.

Member States shall inform the Commission of any measure aimed at the introduction of a QR code on their driving licences and of any subsequent amendments to such a measure, within three months of its adoption.

The Commission shall adopt implementing acts laying down detailed provisions concerning the interoperability features and the security measures to be complied with by QR codes incorporated in physical driving licences. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 26(2).

Member States shall ensure that the personal data necessary for the verification of the information reported on the physical driving licence are not retained by the verifier, unless such retention is authorised by Union or national law, and shall ensure that the authority which issued the driving licence is not notified of the verification.

The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts, in accordance with Article 25, to amend Annex I, Parts A1 and A2, B to B4 and D, where necessary in order to take account of technical, operational or scientific developments.

Directive 2002/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2002 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector (OJ L 201, 31.7.2002, p. 37 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2002/58/oj).

Member States shall issue mobile driving licences based on the Union standard specifications laid down in Annex I, Part C.

Each Member State shall ensure that the mobile driving licences it issues are retrievable electronically free of charge by the persons holding them.

Mobile driving licences shall be issued to holders to be used with European Digital Identity Wallets as electronic attestations of attributes, in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilRegulation (EU) No 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market and repealing Directive 1999/93/EC (OJ L 257, 28.8.2014, p. 73 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2014/910/oj). .

Member States shall ensure that mobile driving licences do not contain data in addition to those referred to in Annex I, Part D, and that personal data other than those necessary for the verification of the driving rights of the holder are not processed by the verifier for the purpose of verification.

Member States shall ensure that the personal data necessary for the verification of the driving rights of the holder of the mobile driving licence are not retained by the verifier, unless such retention is authorised by Union or national law.

Member States shall communicate to the Commission a list of issuers of mobile driving licences, and shall keep that list up to date. The Commission shall make those lists available to the public through a secure channel and in an electronically signed or sealed form suitable for automated processing.

The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts, in accordance with Article 25, to amend Annex I, Part C, where necessary in order to take account of technical, operational or scientific developments.

By 26 November 2026 , the Commission shall adopt implementing acts laying down detailed provisions concerning the visual appearance, interoperability, testing, data and record updating standards and security of mobile driving licences, organisational measures for the processing and protection of personal data, and the technical and security standards for the exchange of mobile driving licences and the trusted lists of trusted issuers for verifying mobile driving licences, including verification features and the interface with national systems. The Commission shall, to the extent possible, take into account the general framework and technical specifications necessary for the recognition of those driving licences by third country authorities. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 26(2).

Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (OJ L 119, 4.5.2016, p. 1 , http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj).

The driving licence shall entitle the holder to drive power-driven vehicles according to the following categorisation:

(a) mopeds:category AM: two-wheel vehicles or three-wheel vehicles with a maximum design speed of not more than 45 km/h and a maximum net power not exceeding 4 kW, excluding those with a maximum design speed under or equal to 25 km/h; light quadricycles;

(b) motorcycles and powered tricycles:(i) category A1:motorcycles with a cylinder capacity not exceeding 125 cubic centimetres, of a maximum net power not exceeding 11 kW and with a power/weight ratio not exceeding 0,1 kW/kg; powered tricycles with a maximum net power not exceeding 15 kW; (ii) category A2:motorcycles of a maximum net power not exceeding 35 kW and with a power/weight ratio not exceeding 0,2 kW/kg and not derived from a vehicle the net power of which exceeds 70 kW; (iii) category A:motorcycles; powered tricycles with a maximum net power exceeding 15 kW; Power-driven vehicles in the categories referred to in point (a) and in this point may be combined with a trailer having a maximum authorised mass which does not exceed half the unladen mass of the towing vehicle. Member States may apply additional conditions to the driving licences they issue, based on considerations of road safety.

(i) category A1:motorcycles with a cylinder capacity not exceeding 125 cubic centimetres, of a maximum net power not exceeding 11 kW and with a power/weight ratio not exceeding 0,1 kW/kg; powered tricycles with a maximum net power not exceeding 15 kW;

(ii) category A2:motorcycles of a maximum net power not exceeding 35 kW and with a power/weight ratio not exceeding 0,2 kW/kg and not derived from a vehicle the net power of which exceeds 70 kW;

(iii) category A:motorcycles; powered tricycles with a maximum net power exceeding 15 kW;

motorcycles of a maximum net power not exceeding 35 kW and with a power/weight ratio not exceeding 0,2 kW/kg and not derived from a vehicle the net power of which exceeds 70 kW;

motorcycles;

powered tricycles with a maximum net power exceeding 15 kW;

(c) motor vehicles:(i) category B1:heavy quadricycles. Category B1 is optional; in Member States which do not introduce this category of driving licence, a driving licence for category B shall be required to drive such vehicles. Those Member States may refuse to exchange a driving licence in respect of category B1; Member States may also decide to introduce, for driving on their territory, this category exclusively for the vehicles referred to in Article 9(4), first subparagraph, point (c), under the conditions provided for in that paragraph and subject to the additional requirements that the driver is under 21 years of age at the time the driving licence is issued, and that the driving licence for this category expires when the holder turns 21. Where a Member State decides to do so it shall mark the driving licence with Union code 60.03, set out in Annex I, Part E. (ii) category B:motor vehicles with a maximum authorised mass not exceeding 3500 kg and designed and constructed for the carriage of no more than eight passengers in addition to the driver. motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer of category O1 referred to in Article 4(1), point (c)(i), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858. Without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer of category O2 referred to in Article 4(1), point (c)(ii), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858, provided that the maximum authorised mass of this combination does not exceed 4250 kg. Where the mass of such a combination exceeds 3500 kg, Member States shall, in accordance with Annex V, require that this combination be driven only after: a training course has been completed; or a test of skills and behaviour has been passed. Member States may also require both such a training course and the passing of a test of skills and behaviour. On condition that such a training course has been completed or test has been passed, or both, in accordance with Annex V, and without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, motor vehicles in this category may consist of: a motor caravan with a maximum authorised mass exceeding 3500 kg but not exceeding 4250 kg, including in combination with a trailer, if the maximum authorised mass of the combination does not exceed 5000 kg; subject to an authorisation by a Member State in accordance with the conditions provided for in Article 9(4), point (d), a power-driven emergency vehicle used for the purpose of maintaining public safety and order, including by providing immediate assistance during natural or man-made emergencies, such as police vehicles, ambulances, civil protection and rescue vehicles, or fire brigade vehicles, with a maximum authorised mass exceeding 3500 kg but not exceeding, including when combined with a trailer, 5000 kg; or an alternatively-fuelled motor vehicle falling under the equivalence referred to in Article 9(2), point (j), in combination with a trailer, not already covered by the second indent, if the maximum authorised mass of this combination exceeds 4250 kg but does not exceed 5000 kg. Member States shall indicate on the driving licence, by means of the relevant Union code, set out in Annex I, Part E, the entitlement to drive such a combination, motor caravan or emergency vehicle. (iii) category BE:without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, combinations of vehicles consisting of a tractor vehicle in category B and a trailer or semi-trailer of mass categories O1 or O2 as laid down in Article 4(1), point (c), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858; (iv) category C1:motor vehicles other than those in categories D1 or D, the maximum authorised mass of which exceeds 3500 kg, but does not exceed 7500 kg, and which are designed and constructed for the carriage of no more than eight passengers in addition to the driver; motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer of category O1 referred to in Article 4(1), point (c)(i), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858; (v) category C1E:without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, combinations of vehicles where the tractor vehicle is in category C1 and its trailer or semi-trailer has a maximum authorised mass which exceeds 750 kg, provided that the maximum authorised mass of the combination does not exceed 12000 kg; without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, combinations of vehicles where the tractor vehicle is in category B and its trailer or semi-trailer has a maximum authorised mass which exceeds 3500 kg, provided that the maximum authorised mass of the combination does not exceed 12000 kg. (vi) category C:motor vehicles other than those in categories D1 or D, the maximum authorised mass of which exceeds 3500 kg and which are designed and constructed for the carriage of no more than eight passengers in addition to the driver; motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer of category O1 referred to in Article 4(1), point (c)(i), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858. (vii) category CE:without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, combinations of vehicles where the tractor vehicle is in category C and its trailer or semi-trailer has a maximum authorised mass which exceeds 750 kg; (viii) category D1:motor vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of more than 8 but no more than 16 passengers in addition to the driver and with a maximum length not exceeding 8 meters; motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer of category O1 referred to in Article 4(1), point (c)(i), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858; (ix) category D1E:without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, combinations of vehicles where the tractor vehicle is in category D1 and its trailer has a maximum authorised mass which exceeds 750 kg. (x) category D:motor vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of more than eight passengers in addition to the driver; motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer of category O1 referred to in Article 4(1), point (c)(i), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858; (xi) category DE:without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, combinations of vehicles where the tractor vehicle is in category D and its trailer has a maximum authorised mass which exceeds 750 kg.

(i) category B1:heavy quadricycles. Category B1 is optional; in Member States which do not introduce this category of driving licence, a driving licence for category B shall be required to drive such vehicles. Those Member States may refuse to exchange a driving licence in respect of category B1; Member States may also decide to introduce, for driving on their territory, this category exclusively for the vehicles referred to in Article 9(4), first subparagraph, point (c), under the conditions provided for in that paragraph and subject to the additional requirements that the driver is under 21 years of age at the time the driving licence is issued, and that the driving licence for this category expires when the holder turns 21. Where a Member State decides to do so it shall mark the driving licence with Union code 60.03, set out in Annex I, Part E.

(ii) category B:motor vehicles with a maximum authorised mass not exceeding 3500 kg and designed and constructed for the carriage of no more than eight passengers in addition to the driver. motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer of category O1 referred to in Article 4(1), point (c)(i), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858. Without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer of category O2 referred to in Article 4(1), point (c)(ii), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858, provided that the maximum authorised mass of this combination does not exceed 4250 kg. Where the mass of such a combination exceeds 3500 kg, Member States shall, in accordance with Annex V, require that this combination be driven only after: a training course has been completed; or a test of skills and behaviour has been passed. Member States may also require both such a training course and the passing of a test of skills and behaviour. On condition that such a training course has been completed or test has been passed, or both, in accordance with Annex V, and without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, motor vehicles in this category may consist of: a motor caravan with a maximum authorised mass exceeding 3500 kg but not exceeding 4250 kg, including in combination with a trailer, if the maximum authorised mass of the combination does not exceed 5000 kg; subject to an authorisation by a Member State in accordance with the conditions provided for in Article 9(4), point (d), a power-driven emergency vehicle used for the purpose of maintaining public safety and order, including by providing immediate assistance during natural or man-made emergencies, such as police vehicles, ambulances, civil protection and rescue vehicles, or fire brigade vehicles, with a maximum authorised mass exceeding 3500 kg but not exceeding, including when combined with a trailer, 5000 kg; or an alternatively-fuelled motor vehicle falling under the equivalence referred to in Article 9(2), point (j), in combination with a trailer, not already covered by the second indent, if the maximum authorised mass of this combination exceeds 4250 kg but does not exceed 5000 kg. Member States shall indicate on the driving licence, by means of the relevant Union code, set out in Annex I, Part E, the entitlement to drive such a combination, motor caravan or emergency vehicle.

(iii) category BE:without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, combinations of vehicles consisting of a tractor vehicle in category B and a trailer or semi-trailer of mass categories O1 or O2 as laid down in Article 4(1), point (c), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858;

(iv) category C1:motor vehicles other than those in categories D1 or D, the maximum authorised mass of which exceeds 3500 kg, but does not exceed 7500 kg, and which are designed and constructed for the carriage of no more than eight passengers in addition to the driver; motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer of category O1 referred to in Article 4(1), point (c)(i), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858;

(v) category C1E:without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, combinations of vehicles where the tractor vehicle is in category C1 and its trailer or semi-trailer has a maximum authorised mass which exceeds 750 kg, provided that the maximum authorised mass of the combination does not exceed 12000 kg; without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, combinations of vehicles where the tractor vehicle is in category B and its trailer or semi-trailer has a maximum authorised mass which exceeds 3500 kg, provided that the maximum authorised mass of the combination does not exceed 12000 kg.

(vi) category C:motor vehicles other than those in categories D1 or D, the maximum authorised mass of which exceeds 3500 kg and which are designed and constructed for the carriage of no more than eight passengers in addition to the driver; motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer of category O1 referred to in Article 4(1), point (c)(i), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858.

(vii) category CE:without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, combinations of vehicles where the tractor vehicle is in category C and its trailer or semi-trailer has a maximum authorised mass which exceeds 750 kg;

(viii) category D1:motor vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of more than 8 but no more than 16 passengers in addition to the driver and with a maximum length not exceeding 8 meters; motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer of category O1 referred to in Article 4(1), point (c)(i), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858;

(ix) category D1E:without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, combinations of vehicles where the tractor vehicle is in category D1 and its trailer has a maximum authorised mass which exceeds 750 kg.

(x) category D:motor vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of more than eight passengers in addition to the driver; motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer of category O1 referred to in Article 4(1), point (c)(i), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858;

(xi) category DE:without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, combinations of vehicles where the tractor vehicle is in category D and its trailer has a maximum authorised mass which exceeds 750 kg.

motor vehicles with a maximum authorised mass not exceeding 3500 kg and designed and constructed for the carriage of no more than eight passengers in addition to the driver.

a training course has been completed; or

a test of skills and behaviour has been passed.

a motor caravan with a maximum authorised mass exceeding 3500 kg but not exceeding 4250 kg, including in combination with a trailer, if the maximum authorised mass of the combination does not exceed 5000 kg;

subject to an authorisation by a Member State in accordance with the conditions provided for in Article 9(4), point (d), a power-driven emergency vehicle used for the purpose of maintaining public safety and order, including by providing immediate assistance during natural or man-made emergencies, such as police vehicles, ambulances, civil protection and rescue vehicles, or fire brigade vehicles, with a maximum authorised mass exceeding 3500 kg but not exceeding, including when combined with a trailer, 5000 kg; or

without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, combinations of vehicles consisting of a tractor vehicle in category B and a trailer or semi-trailer of mass categories O1 or O2 as laid down in Article 4(1), point (c), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858;

motor vehicles other than those in categories D1 or D, the maximum authorised mass of which exceeds 3500 kg, but does not exceed 7500 kg, and which are designed and constructed for the carriage of no more than eight passengers in addition to the driver;

motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer of category O1 referred to in Article 4(1), point (c)(i), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858;

without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, combinations of vehicles where the tractor vehicle is in category C1 and its trailer or semi-trailer has a maximum authorised mass which exceeds 750 kg, provided that the maximum authorised mass of the combination does not exceed 12000 kg;

without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, combinations of vehicles where the tractor vehicle is in category B and its trailer or semi-trailer has a maximum authorised mass which exceeds 3500 kg, provided that the maximum authorised mass of the combination does not exceed 12000 kg.

motor vehicles other than those in categories D1 or D, the maximum authorised mass of which exceeds 3500 kg and which are designed and constructed for the carriage of no more than eight passengers in addition to the driver;

motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer of category O1 referred to in Article 4(1), point (c)(i), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858.

without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, combinations of vehicles where the tractor vehicle is in category C and its trailer or semi-trailer has a maximum authorised mass which exceeds 750 kg;

motor vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of more than 8 but no more than 16 passengers in addition to the driver and with a maximum length not exceeding 8 meters;

motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer of category O1 referred to in Article 4(1), point (c)(i), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858;

without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, combinations of vehicles where the tractor vehicle is in category D1 and its trailer has a maximum authorised mass which exceeds 750 kg.

motor vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of more than eight passengers in addition to the driver;

motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer of category O1 referred to in Article 4(1), point (c)(i), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858;

without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, combinations of vehicles where the tractor vehicle is in category D and its trailer has a maximum authorised mass which exceeds 750 kg.

Member States may exclude from the application of this Article certain specific types of power-driven vehicles, including special vehicles for persons with disabilities, subject to the prior agreement of the Commission, which shall be based on an assessment of the impact on road safety of the proposed exclusion.

Member States may exclude from the application of this Directive types of vehicles used by, or under the control of, the armed forces and civil defence bodies. They shall inform the Commission thereof.

Directive (EU) 2016/680 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by competent authorities for the purposes of the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal offences or the execution of criminal penalties, and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Council Framework Decision 2008/977/JHA (OJ L 119, 4.5.2016, p. 89 , http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2016/680/oj).

two-wheel vehicles or three-wheel vehicles with a maximum design speed of not more than 45 km/h and a maximum net power not exceeding 4 kW, excluding those with a maximum design speed under or equal to 25 km/h;

motorcycles with a cylinder capacity not exceeding 125 cubic centimetres, of a maximum net power not exceeding 11 kW and with a power/weight ratio not exceeding 0,1 kW/kg;

heavy quadricycles. Category B1 is optional; in Member States which do not introduce this category of driving licence, a driving licence for category B shall be required to drive such vehicles. Those Member States may refuse to exchange a driving licence in respect of category B1; Member States may also decide to introduce, for driving on their territory, this category exclusively for the vehicles referred to in Article 9(4), first subparagraph, point (c), under the conditions provided for in that paragraph and subject to the additional requirements that the driver is under 21 years of age at the time the driving licence is issued, and that the driving licence for this category expires when the holder turns 21. Where a Member State decides to do so it shall mark the driving licence with Union code 60.03, set out in Annex I, Part E.

light quadricycles;

powered tricycles with a maximum net power not exceeding 15 kW;

motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer of category O1 referred to in Article 4(1), point (c)(i), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858. Without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer of category O2 referred to in Article 4(1), point (c)(ii), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858, provided that the maximum authorised mass of this combination does not exceed 4250 kg. Where the mass of such a combination exceeds 3500 kg, Member States shall, in accordance with Annex V, require that this combination be driven only after: a training course has been completed; or a test of skills and behaviour has been passed. Member States may also require both such a training course and the passing of a test of skills and behaviour. On condition that such a training course has been completed or test has been passed, or both, in accordance with Annex V, and without prejudice to the type-approval rules for the vehicles concerned, motor vehicles in this category may consist of: a motor caravan with a maximum authorised mass exceeding 3500 kg but not exceeding 4250 kg, including in combination with a trailer, if the maximum authorised mass of the combination does not exceed 5000 kg; subject to an authorisation by a Member State in accordance with the conditions provided for in Article 9(4), point (d), a power-driven emergency vehicle used for the purpose of maintaining public safety and order, including by providing immediate assistance during natural or man-made emergencies, such as police vehicles, ambulances, civil protection and rescue vehicles, or fire brigade vehicles, with a maximum authorised mass exceeding 3500 kg but not exceeding, including when combined with a trailer, 5000 kg; or an alternatively-fuelled motor vehicle falling under the equivalence referred to in Article 9(2), point (j), in combination with a trailer, not already covered by the second indent, if the maximum authorised mass of this combination exceeds 4250 kg but does not exceed 5000 kg. Member States shall indicate on the driving licence, by means of the relevant Union code, set out in Annex I, Part E, the entitlement to drive such a combination, motor caravan or emergency vehicle.

an alternatively-fuelled motor vehicle falling under the equivalence referred to in Article 9(2), point (j), in combination with a trailer, not already covered by the second indent, if the maximum authorised mass of this combination exceeds 4250 kg but does not exceed 5000 kg.

The minimum age of an applicant to whom a driving licence can be issued shall be as follows:

(a) 16 years for categories AM, A1 and B1;

(b) 18 years for categories A2, B, BE, C1 and C1E;

(c) with regard to category A:(i) 20 years for motorcycles. However, the driving of motorcycles of this category shall be subject to a minimum of two years’ prior experience driving motorcycles under a category A2 driving licence. Such requirement of having two years’ prior experience may be waived if the applicant is at least 24 years old;(ii) 21 years for powered tricycles exceeding 15 kW;

(i) 20 years for motorcycles. However, the driving of motorcycles of this category shall be subject to a minimum of two years’ prior experience driving motorcycles under a category A2 driving licence. Such requirement of having two years’ prior experience may be waived if the applicant is at least 24 years old;

(ii) 21 years for powered tricycles exceeding 15 kW;

(d) 21 years for categories C, CE, D1 and D1E;

(e) 18 years for categories C and CE provided that the driver holds a certificate of professional competence (CPC) as referred to in Article 6(1) of Directive (EU) 2022/2561;

(f) 24 years for categories D and DE;

(g) 21 years for categories D and DE provided that the driver holds a CPC as referred to in Article 6(1) or 6(2) of Directive (EU) 2022/2561.

Member States may raise or lower the minimum age for issuing a driving licence:

(a) for category AM, down to 14 years or up to 18 years;

(b) for category B1, up to 18 years;For category B1, Member States may, subject to the prior agreement of the Commission, nevertheless lower the minimum age to 15 years for issuing a driving licence limited to their territory, for the vehicles referred to in Article 9(4), point (c), and under the conditions specified in Article 6(1), point (c)(i) and in Article 9(4), point (c);

(c) for category A1, up to 18 years, provided that both of the following conditions are fulfilled:(i) there is a difference of at least two years between the minimum age for category A1 and the minimum age for category A2;(ii) there is a requirement of a minimum of two years’ experience on motorcycles of category A2, before allowing the driving of motorcycles of category A, as referred to in paragraph 1, point (c)(i);

(i) there is a difference of at least two years between the minimum age for category A1 and the minimum age for category A2;

(ii) there is a requirement of a minimum of two years’ experience on motorcycles of category A2, before allowing the driving of motorcycles of category A, as referred to in paragraph 1, point (c)(i);

(d) for categories B and BE, down to 17 years;

(e) for categories D1, D1E, D and DE, down to 18 years, provided that the following conditions are fulfilled:(i) the driver holds a CPC as referred to in Article 6(1) of Directive (EU) 2022/2561;(ii) for categories D and DE only, the driver is subject to the restrictions set out in Article 5(3), third subparagraph, of Directive (EU) 2022/2561;

(i) the driver holds a CPC as referred to in Article 6(1) of Directive (EU) 2022/2561;

(ii) for categories D and DE only, the driver is subject to the restrictions set out in Article 5(3), third subparagraph, of Directive (EU) 2022/2561;

(f) for categories D and DE down to 20 years, provided that the driver holds a CPC as referred to in Article 6(1) of Directive (EU) 2022/2561.

Member States may lower the minimum age for category C to 18 years, and for category D to 21 years with regard to:

(a) power-driven emergency vehicles used for the purpose of maintaining public safety and order, including by providing immediate assistance during natural or man-made emergencies, such as police vehicles, ambulances, civil protection and rescue vehicles, or fire brigade vehicles;

(b) vehicles undergoing road tests for repair or maintenance purposes.

Driving licences issued in accordance with paragraphs 2 and 3 shall be valid only on the territory of the issuing Member State until the driving licence holder has reached the minimum age set out in paragraph 1, after which they shall be valid throughout the Union.

Member States may recognise the validity on their territory of driving licences issued to drivers under the minimum ages set out in paragraph 1. However they shall not recognise the validity of driving licences issued under paragraph 2, points (b), (e) and (f).

Member States may recognise mutually on their respective territories the validity of driving licences issued to drivers under the minimum ages as set out in paragraph 3, point (a).

Regulation (EU) 2018/1724 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 2 October 2018 establishing a single digital gateway to provide access to information, to procedures and to assistance and problem-solving services and amending Regulation (EU) No 1024/2012 (OJ L 295, 21.11.2018, p. 1 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2018/1724/oj).

In the event that Member States issue a driving licence subject to conditions, they shall indicate those conditions on the driving licence, by means of the relevant Union codes, set out in Annex I, Part E. They may also use national codes to indicate conditions not covered by Annex I, Part E. Where they do so, they shall inform the Commission in a timely manner and provide it with details of the national codes and the cases in which they are used, both upon the entry into force of this Directive and in the event of subsequent additions to or modifications of such national codes.

If, due to a physical disability of the driver, a driving licence is issued to the driver in respect of only certain types of vehicles or only for vehicles adapted in order to compensate for such a physical disability, the test of skills and behaviour provided for in Article 10(1) shall be taken in such a vehicle. Member States shall adopt the provisions necessary to enable persons who have a physical disability to take their test in a vehicle adapted for their physical disability.

The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts, in accordance with Article 25, to amend Annex I, Part E, where necessary in order to take account of technical, operational or scientific developments.

Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 2011 laying down the rules and general principles concerning mechanisms for control by Member States of the Commission’s exercise of implementing powers (OJ L 55, 28.2.2011, p. 13 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2011/182/oj).

Driving licences of categories BE, C1, C1E, C, CE, D1, D1E, D and DE shall be issued only to drivers already entitled to drive vehicles in category B.

The validity of driving licences shall be determined as follows:

(a) driving licences issued for categories C1E, CE, D1E or DE shall also be valid for combinations of vehicles in category BE;

(b) driving licences issued for category CE shall also be valid for category DE, if their holders are entitled to drive vehicles in category D;

(c) driving licences issued for category C1E or CE shall also be valid for category D1E, if their holders are entitled to drive vehicles in category D1;

(d) driving licences issued for categories CE and DE shall also be valid for categories C and C1, and D and D1, respectively;

(e) driving licences issued for category CE and DE shall also be valid for combinations of vehicles in categories C1E and D1E respectively;

(f) driving licences issued for category C1E and D1E shall also be valid for categories C1 and D1, respectively;

(g) driving licences issued for any category shall also be valid for power-driven vehicles in category AM. However, for driving licences issued on its territory, a Member State may limit the equivalences for category AM to driving licences for categories A1, A2 and A, if that Member State imposes a practical test as a condition for obtaining a driving licence for category AM.

(h) driving licences issued for category A2 shall also be valid for category A1;

(i) driving licences issued for categories A, B, C or D shall also be valid for categories A1 and A2; B1; C1; D1, respectively;

(j) two years after a category B driving licence was issued for the first time, it shall also be valid for driving motor vehicles, including power-driven emergency vehicles used for the purpose of maintaining public safety and order including by providing immediate assistance during natural or man-made emergencies, such as police vehicles, ambulances, civil protection and rescue vehicles, or fire brigade vehicles, powered wholly or in part by alternative fuels as defined in Article 2 of Directive 96/53/EC, and which have been approved under Regulation (EU) 2018/858, with a maximum authorised mass exceeding 3500 kg but not exceeding 4250 kg. Where the condition laid down in Article 6(1), point (c)(ii), of this Directive is met, those vehicles may be combined with a trailer, provided that the maximum authorised mass of the combination does not exceed 5000 kg. Motor caravans shall not be covered by the equivalence referred to in this point;

(k) two years after a category BE driving licence was issued for the first time, it shall also be valid for driving a combination of a motor vehicle, powered wholly or in part by alternative fuels as defined in Article 2 of Directive 96/53/EC and which has been approved under Regulation (EU) 2018/858, with a maximum authorised mass exceeding 3500 kg, but not exceeding 4250 kg, as a tractor vehicle and a trailer or semi-trailer of mass categories O1 or O2 laid down in Article 4(1), point (c), of Regulation (EU) 2018/858.

For driving on their respective territories, Member States may grant the following equivalences:

(a) powered tricycles under a driving licence for category B, for powered tricycles with a maximum net power exceeding 15 kW, provided that the holder of the driving licence for category B is at least 21 years old;

(b) category A1 motorcycles under a driving licence for category B.

The equivalences provided for in the first subparagraph shall be mutually recognised by the Member States that granted them.

Member States shall indicate on the driving licence that a holder is entitled to drive the vehicles referred to in the first subparagraph only by means of the relevant Union codes, set out in Annex I, Part E.

Member States shall inform the Commission without delay about equivalences referred to in the first subparagraph that are granted on their territories, including any related national codes which were used before 25 November 2025 . The Commission shall make that information available to Member States.

Member States may authorise the driving on their territory of the following categories of vehicles:

(a) vehicles of category D1 with a maximum authorised mass of 3500 kg, excluding any specialised equipment intended for the carriage of passengers with disabilities, by drivers over 21 years old holding a category B driving licence, at least two years after such a driving licence was issued to the driver for the first time and provided that the vehicles are used by non-commercial entities for social purposes and that the driver provides his or her services on a voluntary basis;

(b) vehicles of a maximum authorised mass exceeding 3500 kg by drivers aged over 21 years holding a category B driving licence, at least two years after such a driving licence was issued to the driver for the first time, provided that those vehicles fulfil all of the following conditions:(i) they are intended to be used, when stationary, only as an instructional or recreational facility;(ii) they are used by non-commercial entities for social purposes;(iii) they have been modified so that they can neither be used for the transport of more than nine persons nor for the transport of any goods other than those strictly necessary for the purposes set out in points (i) and (ii);

(i) they are intended to be used, when stationary, only as an instructional or recreational facility;

(ii) they are used by non-commercial entities for social purposes;

(iii) they have been modified so that they can neither be used for the transport of more than nine persons nor for the transport of any goods other than those strictly necessary for the purposes set out in points (i) and (ii);

(c) vehicles of category B with a maximum authorised mass not exceeding 2500 kg and with a maximum speed limited by technical means to 45 km/h, by drivers below 21 years old holding a category B1 driving licence, which was issued subject to the conditions set out in Article 6(1), point (c)(i), second subparagraph, and, if relevant, Article 7(2), point (b);

(d) power-driven vehicles used for the purpose of maintaining public safety and order, including by providing immediate assistance during natural or man-made emergencies, such as police vehicles, ambulances, civil protection and rescue vehicles, or fire brigade vehicles, with a maximum authorised mass exceeding 3500 kg but not exceeding 5000 kg, which may be combined with a trailer when the maximum authorised mass of this combination does not exceed 5000 kg, by drivers who have reached the age of 20 years, holding a category B driving licence, having completed the training, testing, or both, required under Article 6(1), point (c)(ii), and who are driving solely for the purpose that the emergency vehicle is intended for, including necessary maintenance and test drives.

Where Member States indicate on the driving licence that a holder is entitled to drive the vehicles referred to in the first subparagraph, points (a) and (b), they shall do so only by means of relevant national codes.

Member States may, temporarily or indefinitely, mutually recognise on their respective territories the validity of driving licences issued under the first subparagraph, point (d).

Member States shall inform the Commission of any authorisations granted in accordance with this paragraph.

Member States shall be entitled to authorise the driving of vehicles of category D or D1, on their territories, by holders of a driving licence issued for category C, provided that no other person is transported in the vehicle and provided that the driver is a person who is:

(a) executing a roadworthiness test in accordance with Directive 2014/45/EU of the European Parliament and of the CouncilDirective 2014/45/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 on periodic roadworthiness tests for motor vehicles and their trailers and repealing Directive 2009/40/EC (OJ L 127, 29.4.2014, p. 51 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/45/oj). , within a 5 km radius from the testing centre; or

(b) a mechanic of a vehicle repair workshop performing a test drive, within a 5 km radius from the workshop, once the vehicle has been repaired, or for maintenance or inspection purposes, respectively.

When leaving the test centre or workshop, the holder of the category C driving licence shall be in a position to prove during any inspection that the vehicle is being driven for the purpose of a roadworthiness test as referred to in point (a) or for a test drive as referred to in point (b). Member States shall inform the Commission of any authorisations granted in accordance with this paragraph.

Directive (EU) 2022/2561 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2022 on the initial qualification and periodic training of drivers of certain road vehicles for the carriage of goods or passengers (OJ L 330, 23.12.2022, p. 46 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2022/2561/oj).

Driving licences shall be issued only to applicants who meet the following conditions:

(a) they have passed a test of skills and behaviour and a theory test, in accordance with Annex II, and they meet the minimum standards of physical and mental fitness for driving, in accordance with Annex III;

(b) as regards category AM, they have passed a theory test only; Member States may nevertheless require applicants to pass a test of skills and behaviour and may apply Article 11 in respect of this category.For three-wheel vehicles and quadricycles within this category, Member States may impose a specific test of skills and behaviour. For the differentiation of vehicles in category AM, a national code may be inserted on the driving licence;

(c) as regards category A2 or category A, and on the condition that they have acquired a minimum of two years' experience driving a motorcycle in category A1 or in category A2 respectively, either:(i) have passed a test of skills and behaviour only; or(ii) have completed training pursuant to Annex VI;

(i) have passed a test of skills and behaviour only; or

(ii) have completed training pursuant to Annex VI;

(d) they have completed training or passed a test of skills and behaviour, or completed training and passed a test of skills and behaviour pursuant to Annex V as regards category B for driving a vehicle combination, motor caravan, emergency vehicle or alternatively fuelled vehicle referred to in Article 6(1), point (c)(ii);

(e) they have their normal residence in the territory of the Member State issuing the driving licence, or fall within the exceptions laid down in Article 20(3) or (4), or can produce evidence that, at the time they submit their application, they have been studying there for at least the preceding six months.

The duration of the administrative validity of driving licences issued by Member States shall be as follows:

(a) 15 years for categories AM, A1, A2, A, B, B1 and BE. Member States may reduce that duration to 10 years in the event that their national law allows the driving licence to also be used as a personal identification document;

(b) five years for categories C, CE, C1, C1E, D, DE, D1 and D1E.

The renewal of a driving licence may trigger a new period of administrative validity for one or more categories that the holder is entitled to drive, in so far as that is in conformity with this Directive.

The presence of a microchip or QR code pursuant to Article 4(5) and (6) respectively shall not be a prerequisite for a driving licence to be valid. The loss or unreadability of the microchip or of the QR code, or any other damage thereto, shall not affect the validity of the driving licence.

Member States may, for the purpose of improving road safety, limit the period of administrative validity of any category of driving licences issued to novice drivers in order to apply specific measures to such drivers.

Member States may limit the period of administrative validity of individual driving licences for any category if it is necessary to apply an increased frequency of medical checks, self-assessments or other specific measures, including restrictions for traffic offenders.

Member States shall limit the period of administrative validity of individual driving licences in accordance with Article 6(1), point (c)(i), second subparagraph. The driving licence so limited shall not be renewable.

Member States may reduce the periods of administrative validity set out in the first subparagraph, for driving licences of holders residing on their territory who have reached the age of 65 years, in order to require that medical checks, self-assessments or other specific measures, including refresher courses, be carried out more frequently. Such reduced period of administrative validity shall be applied only upon the renewal of the driving licence.

Member States may reduce the period of administrative validity set out in this paragraph of the driving licences of persons who have been granted a temporary residence permit or who benefit on their territories from temporary protection, or from adequate protection under national law.

The renewal of driving licences upon the expiry of their administrative validity shall be subject to both of the following conditions:

(a) continuing compliance of the applicant for the renewal with the minimum standards of physical and mental fitness for driving set out in Annex III;

(b) that the applicant for the renewal has his or her normal residence in the territory of the Member State issuing the driving licence, or fall within the exceptions laid down in Article 20(3), or evidence that the applicant for the renewal has been studying there for at least the preceding six months, at the time they submit their application.

Without prejudice to national criminal laws and policing laws, Member States may apply to the issuing of driving licences national provisions relating to conditions other than those set out in this Directive. They shall inform the Commission thereof.

No person may hold more than one driving licence. A mobile driving licence may, however, be simultaneously displayed on more than one electronic device.

A Member State shall refuse to issue a driving licence if the applicant already holds a driving licence issued by another Member State.

Member States shall take the measures necessary to apply the second subparagraph. The measures necessary as regards the issuing, replacement, renewal or exchange of a driving licence shall, where there are reasonable grounds to suspect that the applicant is already the holder of another driving licence, include verifying with other Member States whether the applicant is the holder of another driving licence. To that end, Member States shall use the EU driving licence network.

Without prejudice to Article 3(6), a Member State issuing a driving licence shall apply due diligence to ensure that a person fulfils the requirements set out in paragraph 1 of this Article, and shall apply its national provisions on the cancellation of the driving licence or of the right to drive if it is established that a given driving licence has been issued without those requirements having been met.

The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts, in accordance with Article 25, to amend Annexes II, III, V and VI where necessary in order to take account of technical, operational or scientific developments.

Directive (EU) 2015/413 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2015 facilitating cross-border exchange of information on road-safety-related traffic offences (OJ L 68, 13.3.2015, p. 9 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2015/413/oj).

Member States shall, before a driving licence is issued for the first time, ensure that applicants undergo a medical examination in which the minimum standards of physical and mental fitness covering all the medical conditions set out in Annex III are applied. That applies to the issuance of driving licences in category AM only if so required by the Member State in question in accordance with Article 10(1), point (b). A medical examination shall, however, be required in respect of applications for driving licences of categories C, CE, C1, C1E, D, D1, DE or D1E, regardless of whether a medical examination was undertaken for another category.

Before a driving licence is renewed, applicants for the renewal shall undergo a medical examination covering the medical conditions set out in Annex III. This shall apply to the renewal of driving licences in category AM only if so required by the Member State in question in accordance with Article 10(1), point (b).

Notwithstanding paragraphs 1 and 2, and to the extent not otherwise provided for by Annex III, such as in the case of the appropriate assessment of eyesight for applicants for driving licences in accordance with Annex III, point 3, Member States may, for categories AM, A, A1, A2, B, B1 and BE, instead of requiring a medical examination, apply one or both of the following alternative measures:

(a) require the applicant or holder of the driving licence to fill in a self-assessment form covering the medical conditions set out in Annex III when applying for the issuance or renewal of a driving licence; or

(b) establish a national system of assessment of fitness to drive to ensure that significant changes in physical or mental fitness are reacted to in order to comply with the minimum standards of physical and mental fitness set out in Annex III, after the driving licence has been issued to the applicant following a medical examination or self-assessment.

Member States may provide for appropriate measures to address non-compliance with the requirement to fill in a self-assessment form or for knowingly providing information in the self-assessment form that is incorrect or incomplete, or for failing to meet any requirement established in accordance with paragraph 3, point (b).

Member States may apply the alternative measure under paragraph 3, point (b), in such a way that it allows the monitoring of fitness to drive during periods of administrative validity.

If, on the basis of information acquired pursuant to the various alternative measures set out in paragraph 3, it becomes apparent that the applicant or holder of a driving licence is likely to have one or more of the medical conditions listed in Annex III, Member States shall ensure that the applicant or holder of the driving licence undergoes a medical examination prior to the Member States issuing or renewing the driving licence.

This Article shall not prevent Member States from taking measures to raise awareness and improve the knowledge of the health sector and of driving licence holders about the minimum standards of physical and mental fitness for driving set out in Annex III.

If Member States adopt guidelines for medical practitioners to help identify driving licence holders who no longer meet the minimum standards of physical and mental fitness to drive, they shall inform the Commission thereof. The Commission shall make the guidelines available to the other Member States.

If Member States develop public awareness campaigns to inform citizens about mental or physical health conditions that may impair fitness to drive, they shall inform the Commission thereof. The Commission shall make the information available to the other Member States.

The standards set by Member States for the issuance or any subsequent renewal of driving licences may be stricter than those set out in Annex III.

OJ L 123, 12.5.2016, p. 1 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/agree_interinstit/2016/512/oj.

In the event of a crisis, Members States may extend the period of administrative validity of driving licences that would otherwise expire, for a maximum period of six months. The extension may be renewed where the crisis persists.

Any such extension shall be duly justified and notified immediately to the Commission. The Commission shall immediately publish this information in the Official Journal of the European Union . Member States shall recognise the validity of driving licences the period of administrative validity of which has been extended under this Article.

On duly justified imperative grounds of urgency relating to the crisis referred to in paragraph 1 that affects two or more Member States, the Commission may adopt immediately applicable implementing acts in order to extend the period of administrative validity of all or certain categories of driving licences that would otherwise expire. That extension shall not exceed six months and may be renewed where the crisis persists. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 26(3).

Where a Member State is not, and is not likely to be, affected by difficulties that rendered the renewal of driving licences impracticable as a consequence of the crisis affecting two or more Member States referred to in paragraph 3, or has taken appropriate national measures to mitigate the impact of that crisis, that Member State may, after having informed the Commission, decide not to apply the extension introduced by the implementing act referred to in paragraph 3. The Commission shall inform the other Member States thereof and publish a notice in the Official Journal of the European Union .

Commission Regulation (EU) No 383/2012 of 4 May 2012 laying down technical requirements with regard to driving licences which include a storage medium (microchip) (OJ L 120, 5.5.2012, p. 1 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2012/383/oj).

Where the holder of a valid driving licence issued by one Member State has taken up normal residence in another Member State, the holder may request from the Member State of normal residence that that holder’s driving licence be exchanged for an equivalent driving licence. The Member State requested to perform the exchange shall check in respect of which category or categories the driving licence the exchange of which is requested is still valid.

Subject to the principle of territoriality of criminal laws and policing laws, the Member State of normal residence may apply its national provisions on the cancellation, withdrawal, suspension or restriction of the right to drive of the holder of a driving licence issued by another Member State and, if necessary, may exchange the driving licence for that purpose.

The Member State exchanging a physical driving licence shall return the old driving licence to the authorities of the Member State of issuance, and give the reasons for the exchange.

The Member State exchanging a mobile driving licence shall inform the authorities of the Member State of issuance and give the reasons for the exchange. The Member State of issuance shall ensure that the previous mobile driving licence can no longer be displayed through the electronic device used for this purpose by the holder of the driving licence. The Member States shall use the EU driving licence network for communication purposes.

Replacements for physical driving licences which have been damaged, lost or stolen, and replacements for physical or mobile driving licences of which a fraudulent use was made, may be obtained only from the competent authorities of the Member State in which the holder of the driving licence has his or her normal residence, or of the Member State of issuance if Article 20(3) is applied. Those authorities shall provide the replacement on the basis of the information in their possession or, where appropriate, on the basis of proof from the competent authorities of the Member State of issuance of the original driving licence. If a driving licence was replaced by a Member State other than the Member State of issuance and the replaced driving licence is still in the possession of, or can be displayed by, the holder of the driving licence in question, the procedures set out in paragraph 3 shall apply.

Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2018 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by the Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 and Decision No 1247/2002/EC (OJ L 295, 21.11.2018, p. 39 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2018/1725/oj).

During the replacement or exchange of a driving licence, the Member State performing the replacement or exchange shall ensure that the competent authorities of the Member States are able to verify the validity of the driving rights of the holder of the driving licence, in particular during roadside checks. To that end, the Member State shall provide the necessary information about the replacement or exchange of a driving licence without delay in the EU driving licence network where the duration of the exchange or replacement procedure makes it necessary. In such cases, the Member State shall provide the holder of the driving licence concerned with a document indicating that a request for the replacement or exchange of that holder’s driving licence has been made.

OJ C 199, 7.6.2023, p. 13 .

Where a Member State provides for the exchange of a driving licence issued by a third country to a holder of the driving licence that has taken up normal residence in its territory, that Member State shall exchange the driving licence in accordance with this Article.

Where a Member State exchanges a driving licence issued by a third country that has not been the subject of an implementing act adopted pursuant to paragraph 7 of this Article, such exchange shall be recorded on the driving licence issued by that Member State by using the relevant code set out in Annex I, Part E, as shall any subsequent renewal or replacement. If the holder of that driving licence subsequently transfers his or her normal residence to another Member State, the latter may decide not to apply the principle of mutual recognition set out in Article 3(6).

Member States shall apply, for such exchanges, their national law, in accordance with the conditions provided for in this paragraph.

Where the driving licence is issued in a category and by a third country that has been the subject of an implementing act adopted pursuant to paragraph 7, such exchange shall be recorded on the driving licence issued by the Member State concerned by using the relevant code set out in Annex I, Part E. In those cases, Member States shall exchange the driving licence in accordance with the conditions set out in the relevant implementing act.

Where a driving licence issued by a Member State was exchanged for a driving licence of a third country, Member States shall not require the fulfilment of any additional conditions other than those set out in Article 10(3), point (a), or record any additional information for exchanging that third-country driving licence, as regards the categories of the initial driving licence.

In the situation referred to in the first subparagraph, where an applicant requests to exchange a driving licence that is also valid for categories concerning which the applicant acquired the right to drive in a third country, the following rules shall apply:

(a) if the driving licence was issued for a category and by a third country that has been the subject of an implementing act adopted pursuant to paragraph 7, paragraph 3 shall apply;

(b) in the absence of an implementing act adopted pursuant to paragraph 7, paragraph 2 shall apply.

The exchanges referred to in paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 shall occur only if the driving licence issued by the third country has been surrendered to the competent authorities of the Member State requested to make the exchange.

The Commission may determine that a third country has a road transport framework guaranteeing, wholly or partially, a level of road safety that is comparable to that of the Union, which makes it possible for the driving licences issued by that third country to be exchanged, if necessary after complying with certain pre-defined conditions, in accordance with paragraph 3.

Where the Commission makes the determination referred to in the first subparagraph, it may, in cooperation with the Member States, assess the third country’s road transport framework. Member States shall provide their opinion on the road transport framework in place in the identified third country within a period to be set by the Commission. That period shall be at least 6 months and no more than 18 months long. The Commission shall proceed with the assessment once it has received an opinion from all Member States or once the time limit for sending the opinions has passed, whichever is earlier.

When assessing the road transport framework in place in a third country, the Commission shall take into account at least the following elements:

(a) the driver licensing requirements in place, such as the classification of driving licence categories, minimum age requirements, training and driving tests requirements and conditions, and medical standards for issuing the driving licence;

(b) whether the third country issues mobile driving licences and, if so, the applicable technical and structural arrangements for operating the system;

(c) the extent to which there are forged driving licences in circulation, and what measures are taken to prevent the forgery of, and corruption in relation to, driving licences;

(d) the period of administrative validity of the driving licences issued by the third country;

(e) the traffic conditions in the third country, and whether they are comparable to the traffic conditions on the road networks in the Union;

(f) the road safety performance of the third country;

(g) the third country’s practice and legal framework in exchanging driving licences issued by Member States.

The Commission may, after conducting the assessment referred to in paragraph 6 and by means of an implementing act, decide that a third country has a road transport framework in place that wholly or partially guarantees a level of road safety that is comparable to that of the Union, in order for the driving licences issued by that third country to be exchanged in accordance with paragraph 3.

The implementing act referred to in the first subparagraph of this paragraph shall contain at least:

(a) the driving licence categories referred to in Article 6, in respect of which an exchange may be made in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article;

(b) the dates of issuance of the third country driving licences after which an exchange may be made in accordance with paragraph 3;

(c) any general conditions to be complied with for the purpose of verifying the authenticity of the official document to be exchanged;

(d) any general conditions with which the applicant has to comply, prior to the exchange, in order to demonstrate that the applicant meets the minimum standards of physical and mental fitness set out in Annex III.

Where the driving licence of the applicant does not make it possible for the applicant to comply with the second subparagraph, point (a) or (b), of this paragraph, Member States may decide to exchange the driving licence in accordance with paragraph 2. Where the applicant is not able to comply with the second subparagraph, points (c) or (d), of this paragraph, Member States shall refuse to exchange the driving licence.

Any additional condition set out in the implementing act referred to in the first subparagraph of this paragraph shall provide for either the applicability of the national provisions of the Member State in accordance with paragraph 2, or for the refusal of the exchange of the driving licence, where such conditions are not complied with by the applicant.

The implementing act under this paragraph shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 26(2).

The implementing act adopted pursuant to paragraph 7 shall provide for a periodic review by the Commission, at least every four years, of the road safety situation in the third country concerned. Member States shall have the possibility to provide their opinions. Depending on the conclusions of the review, the Commission shall maintain, amend or suspend, to the extent necessary, or shall repeal that implementing act.

The Commission shall publish in the Official Journal of the European Union and on its website a list of the third countries that have been the subject of an implementing act adopted pursuant to paragraph 7, and shall also publish any relevant changes made in accordance with paragraph 8.

To support the integration of third-country professional drivers into the internal market of the Union, the Commission shall promote the exchange of best practices within the expert group on the qualification and training of drivers of certain road vehicles that has been established pursuant to the requirement laid down in Article 13(4) of Directive (EU) 2022/2561.

OJ C 369, 17.12.2011, p. 14 .

Member States shall refuse to issue driving licences to applicants whose driving licence has been cancelled, withdrawn, suspended or restricted in another Member State.

A Member State shall refuse to recognise the validity of any driving licence issued by another Member State to a person whose right to drive, driving licence, or the recognition of the validity of whose driving licence is cancelled, withdrawn, suspended or restricted in the former Member State’s territory.

The right to drive, a driving licence or the recognition of its validity shall be considered as cancelled, withdrawn, suspended or restricted for the purposes of this Article, until the person concerned complies with any conditions imposed by a Member State, in order to recover the right to drive or his or her driving licence, or to regain the recognition of the validity of his or her driving licence, or to be able to apply for a new driving licence.

Member States shall ensure that any conditions they impose in order for a person to be allowed to recover the right to drive, or his or her driving licence or to regain the recognition of the validity of his or her driving licence, or to be allowed to apply for a new driving licence, are proportionate, non-discriminatory to holders of driving licences issued by any other Member State, and that they do not, by themselves, lead to a refusal of indefinite duration to issue a driving licence or to recognise a driving licence issued by another Member State.

Where it is justified on the basis of a person’s conduct or physical or mental fitness, Member States may disqualify that person from driving in their territory indefinitely without providing that person the possibility to recover the right to drive or his or her driving licence, or to regain the recognition of the validity of his or her driving licence, or to apply for a new driving licence.

By way of derogation from paragraph 1, a Member State which has not disqualified that person from driving may, after consulting with the Member State as referred to in the first subparagraph of this paragraph, issue a driving licence to that person. However, the Member State which disqualified that person from driving may refuse, in its territory and indefinitely, to recognise a driving licence issued by another Member State.

Regulation (EU) 2025/14 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 December 2024 on the approval and market surveillance of non-road mobile machinery circulating on public roads and amending Regulation (EU) 2019/1020 (OJ L, 2025/14, 8.1.2025, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2025/14/oj).

Notwithstanding Article 7(1), point (b), Member States shall issue driving licences, in accordance with Article 10(1), for category B marked with Union code 98.02 set out in Annex I, Part E, to applicants who have reached the age of 17 years.

By way of derogation from Article 7(1), points (b) and (d), respectively, Member States may, for driving on their respective territories, issue driving licences for category C1, C1E or C, in accordance with Article 10(1), provided the applicant holds a CPC awarded in accordance with Article 6(1) of Directive (EU) 2022/2561 for category C or in accordance with Article 6(2) of Directive (EU) 2022/2561 for categories C1 and C1E , marked with Union code 98.02 set out in Annex I, Part E, to applicants who have reached the age of 17 years.

Driving licences issued in accordance with the first subparagraph shall be mutually recognised by the Member States that issue such driving licences.

Holders of a driving licence marked with Union code 98.02 set out in Annex I, Part E, who have not reached the age of 18 years shall drive only when accompanied by a person, in the front passenger seat, who is able to provide guidance to them while driving. The accompanying person shall comply with the rules on driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs. The accompanying person shall:

(a) have a minimum age of 24 years;

(b) hold a driving licence of the relevant category issued in the Union more than five years previously;

(c) not have been subject to a driving disqualification in the Member State of issuance of the driving licence referred to in point (b) within the last five years.

A Member State other than the Member State of issuance referred to in point (c) may provide for enforcing a driving disqualification within its territory, following an offence committed on its territory, which could imply a lack of aptitude to act as an accompanying person under this Article.

Member States may require the identification of the accompanying persons referred to in paragraph 3 in order to ensure compliance with this Article. Member States may limit the number of possible accompanying persons in respect of a given accompanied driver. Member States may on their territory apply additional conditions to be fulfilled by the person accompanying the holder of a driving licence issued by them. Such conditions shall be proportionate and suitable as regards achieving the aims of the accompanied driving scheme. Member States shall inform the Commission of those additional conditions. The Commission shall make the information on those additional conditions available to the public.

For a person accompanying a holder of a driving licence of categories C, C1E or C1, the requirements referred to in the first subparagraph may include in particular, the requirement that the accompanying person:

(a) have the relevant qualification and training provided in accordance with Directive (EU) 2022/2561; or

(b) have undergone a dedicated training course of at least 7 hours, which may be increased to 14 hours, to learn the necessary professional and pedagogical skills, as part of his or her periodic CPC training.

The accompanied driving scheme shall not restrict any existing possibility that Member States have to lower the minimum age for applicants for category B driving licences as set out in Article 7(2) or to apply related conditions at national level.

Member States may apply additional conditions to the issuance of a driving licence marked with Union code 98.02 set out in Annex I, Part E, to applicants who have not reached the age of 18 years. They shall inform the Commission thereof. The Commission shall make this information available to the public.

Regulation (EU) No 168/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2013 on the approval and market surveillance of two- or three-wheel vehicles and quadricycles (OJ L 60, 2.3.2013, p. 52 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2013/168/oj).

The holder of a driving licence issued after the passing of a driving test required under Article 10(1), point (a), shall be considered a novice driver and shall be subject to a probationary period. The duration of the probationary period shall be determined by the Member State issuing the driving licence, and shall not be less than two years.

If the novice driver already has a valid driving licence for another category of vehicle, the probationary period shall in principle include only what remains of the probationary period for the existing driving licence. However, for novice drivers having a category AM driving licence only, obtaining a licence of a new category shall in any case give rise to a new probationary period. Member States may, in respect of driving licences of categories other than AM issued by them, require an additional or supplementary probationary period, in particular to take account of the different risks and required skills associated with the new driving licence category.

Member States shall lay down rules or sanctions, or both, for driving under the influence of alcohol for novice drivers which are stricter than those for non-novice drivers, and shall take all measures necessary to ensure that they are implemented. Where Member States decide to lay down sanctions, those sanctions shall be effective, proportionate, dissuasive and non-discriminatory.

In addition, Member States shall take measures with the purpose of reducing:

(a) driving under the influence of drugs among novice drivers;

(b) non-compliance with the laws, regulations and administrative provisions transposing Council Directive 91/671/EECCouncil Directive 91/671/EEC of 16 December 1991 relating to the compulsory use of safety belts and child-restraint systems in vehicles (OJ L 373, 31.12.1991, p. 26 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/1991/671/oj). relating to the compulsory use of safety belts and child-restraint systems in vehicles.

Nothing in this Article shall prevent Member States from introducing into their national law zero-tolerance provisions forbidding the consumption of alcohol or drugs for all drivers before driving. Where Member States introduce such zero-tolerance provisions into their national law, they shall take all the measures necessary to align their national law with the measures taken under paragraph 2.

Member States may establish additional rules applicable on their territories to novice drivers to improve road safety. They shall inform the Commission thereof.

If a competent authority of the Member State of normal residence decides to prolong a driver’s probationary period on account of any unlawful conduct of that person, it shall ensure that the new probationary period is recorded on the driving licence.

Member States shall mark driving licences issued during a probationary period with the relevant Union code set out in Annex I, Part E.

Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market and repealing Directive 1999/93/EC (OJ L 257, 28.8.2014, p. 73 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2014/910/oj).

Driving examiners shall meet the minimum standards set out in Annex IV.

Driving examiners already working in that capacity before 19 January 2013 shall be subject only to the requirements concerning quality assurance and regular periodic training measures laid down in that Annex.

The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts, in accordance with Article 25, to amend Annex IV where necessary in order to take account of technical, operational or scientific developments.

Directive 2014/45/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 on periodic roadworthiness tests for motor vehicles and their trailers and repealing Directive 2009/40/EC (OJ L 127, 29.4.2014, p. 51 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/45/oj).

The place of normal residence shall be regarded as the place where a person usually lives, that is for at least 185 days of the previous 365 days, because of personal and occupational ties, or, in the case of a person with no occupational ties, because of personal ties which show close links between that person and the place where that person is living.

However, the place of normal residence of a person whose occupational ties are in a different place from that person’s personal ties, and who consequently lives in turn in different places situated in two or more Member States, shall be regarded as being the place of that person’s personal ties, provided that such person returns there regularly. The person shall not be obliged to comply with this condition if he or she is living in a Member State in order to carry out a task of a definite duration. Attendance at a university or school shall not constitute transfer of normal residence.

For the purposes of Article 10(3), point (b), and Article 13(4), the place of normal residence of the staff of diplomatic services of the Union, that is to say officials from relevant departments of the General Secretariat of the Council and of the Commission, as well as staff seconded from Member States’ diplomatic services and any other employee or contractor working for the Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies in the area of external representation and who, in order to be able to perform their contractual duties, have lived at least 181 days in the latest 365 days outside the Union, or staff of diplomatic services of its Member States, or of the members of their families forming part of their households, accredited to third countries shall be considered to be in the territory of the Member State or Member States of issuance of the driving licences that are being renewed or replaced.

In exceptional cases, where the holder of a driving licence cannot prove the establishment of his or her normal residence in a given Member State under paragraph 1, the holder may have his or her driving licence renewed or replaced in the Member State of issuance.

By way of derogation from Article 10(1), point (e), and for the specific purpose of the first issuance of a category B driving licence, an applicant whose Member State of normal residence is different from that applicant’s Member State of citizenship may have his or her driving licence issued by the latter, where it is not possible in the Member State of normal residence to take either the theory test or the practical test, or both of those tests, in an official language of the Member State of citizenship of the applicant that is also an official language of the Union, or with an interpreter.

In accordance with Regulation (EU) 2018/1724, Member States and the Commission shall give users access to information on the languages for which translation or interpretation of theory tests and practical tests is being provided in each Member State.

Council Directive 91/671/EEC of 16 December 1991 relating to the compulsory use of safety belts and child-restraint systems in vehicles (OJ L 373, 31.12.1991, p. 26 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/1991/671/oj).

Member States shall apply the equivalences established by Commission Decision (EU) 2016/1945Commission Decision (EU) 2016/1945 of 14 October 2016 on equivalences between categories of driving licences (OJ L 302, 9.11.2016, p. 62 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dec/2016/1945/oj). between entitlements granted before 19 January 2013 and the categories set out in Article 6 of this Directive.

Any entitlement to drive granted before 19 January 2013 shall not be removed or be in any way qualified by this Directive.

Commission Decision (EU) 2016/1945 of 14 October 2016 on equivalences between categories of driving licences (OJ L 302, 9.11.2016, p. 62 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dec/2016/1945/oj).

Member States shall assist one another in the implementation of this Directive. They shall exchange information on the driving licences they have issued, exchanged, replaced, renewed, restricted, suspended, withdrawn, cancelled or revoked, and on the driving disqualifications they have imposed or, where relevant, they plan to enact, and shall consult each other when there are reasonable grounds to suspect that an applicant for a driving licence is subject to a driving disqualification in another Member State. They shall use the EU driving licence network for the exchange of information.

Member States may also use the EU driving licence network for the exchange of information for the following purposes:

(a) to enable their authorities to verify the validity and authenticity of a driving licence, in particular during roadside checks, during investigations or as part of anti-forgery measures;

(b) to facilitate investigations in accordance with Directive (EU) 2015/413;

(c) to enforce Directive (EU) 2022/2561, and to verify the validity and authenticity of a driving licence when enforcing Regulation (EC) No 561/2006 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilRegulation (EC) No 561/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 on the harmonisation of certain social legislation relating to road transport and amending Council Regulations (EEC) No 3821/85 and (EC) No 2135/98 and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 3820/85 (OJ L 102, 11.4.2006, p. 1 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2006/561/oj). or Regulation (EU) No 165/2014 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilRegulation (EU) No 165/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 February 2014 on tachographs in road transport, repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 3821/85 on recording equipment in road transport and amending Regulation (EC) No 561/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the harmonisation of certain social legislation relating to road transport (OJ L 60, 28.2.2014, p. 1 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2014/165/oj). .

Access to the EU driving licence network shall be secure. The EU driving licence network shall provide for both synchronous, that is to say real time, and asynchronous exchange of information, and for the sending and receiving of secured messages, notifications and attachments.

Member States shall take all necessary steps to ensure that the information exchanged through the EU driving licence network is up-to-date.

Member States shall grant access to the EU driving licence network only to the authorities competent for the purposes referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2.

Member States shall also assist each other in the implementation of the mobile driving licence, in particular to guarantee seamless interoperability between the applications and verification features referred to in Annex I, Part C.

The Commission shall adopt by 6 June 2026 implementing acts laying down a common set of rules governing the operation of the EU driving licence network, including the detailed operational, interface and technical requirements. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 26(2).

Member States may cooperate in the enforcement of any cancellation, withdrawal, suspension or any restriction, of the right to drive or a driving licence, or of the recognition of the driving licence’s validity, in particular where the relevant measures are limited to certain driving licence categories or to the territories of certain Member States, in particular through endorsements on the driving licences they have issued.

Regulation (EC) No 561/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 on the harmonisation of certain social legislation relating to road transport and amending Council Regulations (EEC) No 3821/85 and (EC) No 2135/98 and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 3820/85 (OJ L 102, 11.4.2006, p. 1 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2006/561/oj).

Member States shall inform the Commission on a yearly basis about the number of driving licences issued, renewed, replaced, withdrawn and exchanged, for each category of driving licence. The data shall be provided separately for mobile driving licences and physical driving licences.

By 26 November 2029 , and every five years thereafter, by way of facilitating the preparation of the Commission’s report referred to in Article 24, Member States shall provide the Commission with statistics on road traffic accidents in which a person is injured or killed, involving drivers in professional occupation, in particular drivers of 17 years of age participating in an accompanied driving scheme referred to in Article 17(2).

Member States may periodically share data with the Commission on national law on the handling of non-road mobile machinery and on related road safety considerations, and may provide information where concerns related to the free movement of workers are observed.

Regulation (EU) No 165/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 February 2014 on tachographs in road transport, repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 3821/85 on recording equipment in road transport and amending Regulation (EC) No 561/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the harmonisation of certain social legislation relating to road transport (OJ L 60, 28.2.2014, p. 1 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2014/165/oj).

By 26 November 2030 , and every five years thereafter, the Commission shall present a report to the European Parliament and to the Council on the implementation of this Directive. As part of the report, the Commission shall assess:

(a) the Directive’s impact on road safety, in particular:(i) whether there is any impact resulting from the granting of equivalences under Article 9(2), points (j) and (k);(ii) whether there is any impact resulting from the granting of equivalences under Article 9(4);

(i) whether there is any impact resulting from the granting of equivalences under Article 9(2), points (j) and (k);

(ii) whether there is any impact resulting from the granting of equivalences under Article 9(4);

(b) the effects on road safety and on the shortage of drivers of the implementation of the accompanied driving scheme for professional driving licence categories, based on the reports received from the Member States in accordance with Article 23(2).

The report shall be accompanied, if appropriate, by a legislative proposal.

As a part of the report referred to in paragraph 1, the Commission shall assess new technological developments for alternatively-fuelled vehicles affecting the mass of those vehicles. To that end, the Commission shall use information collected in accordance with Article 7 of Regulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilRegulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 setting CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and for new light commercial vehicles, and repealing Regulations (EC) No 443/2009 and (EU) No 510/2011 (OJ L 111, 25.4.2019, p. 13 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/631/oj). setting CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and for new light commercial vehicles. The Commission may request additional information from vehicle manufacturers on the possible impact of such new technological developments on the mass of vehicles, to support its assessment.

Vehicle manufacturers shall be required to provide the data referred to in the first subparagraph within a reasonable timeframe and in compliance with applicable Union law.

Without prejudice to paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article, by 26 November 2026 or immediately after the adoption of the first of the implementing acts referred to in Article 5(7), whichever is earlier, the Commission shall assess the feasibility of bringing forward the date referred to in Article 3(4), and shall provide a report on its findings. Member States may provide the Commission with information they deem relevant for the purpose of this assessment, and the Commission shall take that information into account.

The report shall be accompanied, if appropriate, by a legislative proposal.

Regulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 setting CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and for new light commercial vehicles, and repealing Regulations (EC) No 443/2009 and (EU) No 510/2011 (OJ L 111, 25.4.2019, p. 13 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/631/oj).

The power to adopt delegated acts is conferred on the Commission subject to the conditions laid down in this Article.

The power to adopt delegated acts referred to in Article 4(8), Article 5(6), Article 8(2), Article 10(6) and Article 19(2) shall be conferred on the Commission for a period of five years from 25 November 2025 . The Commission shall draw up a report in respect of the delegation of power not later than nine months before the end of the five-year period. The delegation of power shall be tacitly extended for periods of an identical duration, unless the European Parliament or the Council opposes such extension no later than three months before the end of each period.

The delegation of power referred to in Article 4(8), Article 5(6), Article 8(2), Article 10(6) and Article 19(2) may be revoked at any time by the European Parliament or by the Council. A decision to revoke shall put an end to the delegation of the power specified in that decision. It shall take effect the day following the publication of the decision in the Official Journal of the European Union or at a later date specified therein. It shall not affect the validity of any delegated acts already in force.

Before adopting a delegated act, the Commission shall consult experts designated by each Member State in accordance with the principles laid down in the Interinstitutional Agreement of 13 April 2016 on Better Law-Making.

As soon as it adopts a delegated act, the Commission shall notify it simultaneously to the European Parliament and to the Council.

A delegated act adopted pursuant to Article 4(8), Article 5(6), Article 8(2), Article 10(6) or Article 19(2) shall enter into force only if no objection has been expressed either by the European Parliament or by the Council within a period of two months of notification of that act to the European Parliament and the Council or if, before the expiry of that period, the European Parliament and the Council have both informed the Commission that they will not object. That period shall be extended by two months at the initiative of the European Parliament or of the Council.

Council Directive 97/26/EC of 2 June 1997 amending Directive 91/439/EEC on driving licences (OJ L 150, 7.6.1997, p. 41 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/1997/26/oj).

The Commission shall be assisted by the committee on driving licences established by Council Directive 97/26/ECCouncil Directive 97/26/EC of 2 June 1997 amending Directive 91/439/EEC on driving licences (OJ L 150, 7.6.1997, p. 41 , ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/1997/26/oj). (the committee). The committee shall be a committee within the meaning of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011.

Where reference is made to this paragraph, Article 5 of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 shall apply.

Where the opinion of the committee is to be obtained by written procedure, that procedure shall be terminated without result when, within the time limit for delivery of the opinion, the chair of the committee so decides or a simple majority of committee members so request.

Where the committee delivers no opinion, the Commission shall not adopt the draft implementing act, and Article 5(4), third subparagraph, of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 shall apply.

Where reference is made to this paragraph, Article 8 of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 shall apply.

Directive (EU) 2025/2205 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2025 on driving licences, amending Regulation (EU) 2018/1724 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Directive (EU) 2022/2561 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and repealing Directive 2006/126/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Regulation (EU) No 383/2012 (OJ L, 2025/2205, 5.11.2025, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2025/2205/oj).;

Article 5 is amended as follows:

(a) in paragraph 2, the following point is added:(c) from the age of 17, a vehicle in driving licence category C1, C1E or C, provided they hold a CPC as referred to in Article 6(1) for category C or as referred to in Article 6(2) for categories C1 and C1E and only under the conditions laid down in Article 17(2) and (3) of Directive (EU) 2025/2205 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilDirective (EU) 2025/2205 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2025 on driving licences, amending Regulation (EU) 2018/1724 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Directive (EU) 2022/2561 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and repealing Directive 2006/126/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Regulation (EU) No 383/2012 (OJ L, 2025/2205, 5.11.2025, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2025/2205/oj).; .

(c) from the age of 17, a vehicle in driving licence category C1, C1E or C, provided they hold a CPC as referred to in Article 6(1) for category C or as referred to in Article 6(2) for categories C1 and C1E and only under the conditions laid down in Article 17(2) and (3) of Directive (EU) 2025/2205 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilDirective (EU) 2025/2205 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2025 on driving licences, amending Regulation (EU) 2018/1724 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Directive (EU) 2022/2561 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and repealing Directive 2006/126/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Regulation (EU) No 383/2012 (OJ L, 2025/2205, 5.11.2025, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2025/2205/oj).; .

(b) paragraph 3 is replaced by the following:3.Drivers of a vehicle intended for the carriage of passengers may drive from the age of 21 a vehicle in driving licence categories D and D + E, or a vehicle in driving licence categories D1 and D1 + E, provided that they hold a CPC as referred to in Article 6(1) or (2). To ensure safe driving, Member States may set up a monitoring scheme for drivers under the age of 23 holding a CPC as referred to in Article 6(2). If Member States require such drivers to attend periodic training courses on road-safety-related subjects before they reach the age of 23, in order to consolidate and confirm their competence in those subjects, such attendance shall count towards the requirement of attending 35 hours of periodic training courses every five years. Any Member State may authorise drivers of vehicles in driving licence categories D1 and D1 + E to drive such vehicles within its territory from the age of 18, provided that the driver holds a CPC as referred to in Article 6(1). Any Member State may authorise drivers of vehicles in driving licence categories D and D+E to drive such vehicles within its territory from the age of 20, provided that the driver holds a CPC as referred to in Article 6(1). This may be reduced to the age of 18 to drive such vehicles without passengers, or to carry passengers on regular services where the route does not exceed 50 kilometres..

Drivers of a vehicle intended for the carriage of passengers may drive from the age of 21 a vehicle in driving licence categories D and D + E, or a vehicle in driving licence categories D1 and D1 + E, provided that they hold a CPC as referred to in Article 6(1) or (2). To ensure safe driving, Member States may set up a monitoring scheme for drivers under the age of 23 holding a CPC as referred to in Article 6(2). If Member States require such drivers to attend periodic training courses on road-safety-related subjects before they reach the age of 23, in order to consolidate and confirm their competence in those subjects, such attendance shall count towards the requirement of attending 35 hours of periodic training courses every five years.

Any Member State may authorise drivers of vehicles in driving licence categories D1 and D1 + E to drive such vehicles within its territory from the age of 18, provided that the driver holds a CPC as referred to in Article 6(1).

Any Member State may authorise drivers of vehicles in driving licence categories D and D+E to drive such vehicles within its territory from the age of 20, provided that the driver holds a CPC as referred to in Article 6(1). This may be reduced to the age of 18 to drive such vehicles without passengers, or to carry passengers on regular services where the route does not exceed 50 kilometres..

Annex II is amended as follows:

(a) in the second column, in the row Moving, the following cell is added: Acquiring and renewing a driving licence;

(b) in the third column, in the row Moving, the following cell is added: Issuance, exchange and replacement of Union driving licences.

Without prejudice to paragraph 2, by 26 November 2028 , Member States shall adopt and publish the measures necessary to comply with this Directive. They shall immediately inform the Commission thereof.

Without prejudice to paragraph 2, they shall apply those measures from 26 November 2029 .

When Member States adopt those measures, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or be accompanied by such reference on the occasion of their official publication. The methods of making such reference shall be laid down by Member States.

By 26 November 2027 , Member States shall adopt and publish the measures necessary to comply with Article 9(2), points (j) and (k),. They shall immediately inform the Commission thereof.

They shall apply those measures from 26 November 2027 .

By 26 November 2028 , Member States shall adopt and publish the measures necessary to comply with Article 17. They shall immediately inform the Commission thereof.

They shall apply those measures from 26 November 2028 .

Member States shall communicate to the Commission the text of the main measures of national law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive.

Directive 2006/126/EC is repealed with effect from 26 November 2029 , except for Article 6(4), point (c), thereof, which is repealed with effect from 26 November 2027 .

References made to Directive 2006/126/EC shall be construed as references to this Directive, and shall be read in accordance with the correlation table set out in Annex VII to this Directive.

Regulation (EU) No 383/2012 is repealed with effect from 26 November 2029 .

References made to Regulation (EU) No 383/2012 shall be construed as references to this Directive, and shall be read in accordance with the correlation table in Annex VII.

This Directive shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union .

This Directive is addressed to the Member States.

HAVE ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE: